Mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important economic vegetable, and some cultivars have purple leaves and accumulate more anthocyanins than the green. The genetic and evolution of purple trait in ...mustard has not been well studied. In this study, free-hand sections and metabolomics showed that the purple leaves of mustard accumulated more anthocyanins than green ones. The gene controlling purple leaves in mustard, Mustard Purple Leaves (MPL), was genetically mapped and a MYB113-like homolog was identified as the candidate gene. We identified three alleles of the MYB113-like gene, BjMYB113a from a purple cultivar, BjMYB113b and BjMYB113c from green cultivars. A total of 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 8 InDels were found between the promoter sequences of the purple allele BjMYB113a and the green allele BjMYB113b. On the other hand, the only sequence variation between the purple allele BjMYB113a and the green allele BjMYB113c is an insertion of 1,033-bp fragment in the 3'region of BjMYB113c. Transgenic assay and promoter activity studies showed that the polymorphism in the promoter region was responsible for the up-regulation of the purple allele BjMYB113a and high accumulation of anthocyanin in the purple cultivar. The up-regulation of BjMYB113a increased the expression of genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway including BjCHS, BjF3H, BjF3'H, BjDFR, BjANS and BjUGFT, and consequently led to high accumulation of anthocyanin. However, the up-regulation of BjMYB113 was compromised by the insertion of 1,033-bp in 3'region of the allele BjMYB113c. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the genetics and evolution of the BjMYB113 gene controlling purple leaves and provide useful information for further breeding programs of mustard.
The development of environmentally benign, operationally simple, and economically viable synthetic methodologies has been a great challenge in organic synthesis. Group-assisted purification (GAP) ...chemistry was established to enable the synthesis of organic compounds without using traditional purification technologies, such as column chromatography and recrystallization. This concept/technology should encourage the synthetic community to make more efforts on searching for environmentally benign reagents and reactions to reduce the waste generated from silica and solvents, particularly toxic solvents; also, to reduce production/synthesis expenses, manpower, and energy. This review will discuss the GAP concept/technology and related reactions that were mainly conducted in the PI's laboratories after 2010.
A general visible-light mediated ortho-C–H trifluoromethylation of aniline derivatives by using a low-cost and stable Langlois reagent (CF3SO2Na) as the “CF3” source has been developed. In contrast ...to previous reports, this strategy allowed access to elusive trifluoromethyl lactams. Furthermore, mechanism experiments revealed that a copper/photoredox dual catalytic mechanism enabled general trifluoromethylation of aniline derivatives.
Efficient C4-arylation and domino C4-arylation/3,2-carbonyl migration of indoles have been developed. The former route enables C4-arylation in a highly efficient and mild manner and the latter route ...provides an alternative straightforward protocol for synthesis of C2/C4 disubstituted indoles. The mechanism studies imply that the different reaction pathways were tuned by the distinct acid additives, which led to either the Pd(i)-Pd(ii) pathway or Pd(ii) catalysis.
Key message
We identified the loss of
BoFLC
gene as the cause of non-vernalization requirement in
B. oleracea
.
Our developed codominant marker of
BoFLC
gene can be used for breeding program of
B. ...oleracea
crops
.
Many species of the Brassicaceae family, including some Brassica crops, require vernalization to avoid pre-winter flowering. Vernalization is an unfavorable trait for Chinese kale (
Brassica oleracea
var.
chinensis Lei
), a stem vegetable, and therefore it has been lost during its domestication/breeding process. To reveal the genetics of vernalization variation, we constructed an F
2
population through crossing a Chinese kale (a non-vernalization crop) with a kale (a vernalization crop). Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and RNA-seq, we identified one major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling vernalization and fine-mapped it to a region spanning 80 kb. Synteny analysis and PCR-based sequencing results revealed that compared to that of the kale parent, the candidate region of the Chinese kale parent lost a 9,325-bp fragment containing
FLC
homolog (
BoFLC
). In addition to the
BoFLC
gene, there are four other
FLC
homologs in the genome of
B. oleracea
, including
Bo3g005470
,
Bo3g024250
,
Bo9g173370,
and
Bo9g173400
. The qPCR analysis showed that the
BoFLC
had the highest expression among the five members of the
FLC
family. Considering the low expression levels of the four paralogs of
BoFLC
, we speculate that its paralogs cannot compensate the function of the lost
BoFLC,
therefore the presence/absence (PA) polymorphism of
BoFLC
determines the vernalization variation. Based on the PA polymorphism of
BoFLC
, we designed a codominant marker for the vernalization trait, which can be used for breeding programs of
B. oleracea
crops.
A Ru(Ⅱ)-catalyzed para-difluoroalkylation of aromatic aldehydes and ketones with a transient directing group has been developed. It utilizes less expensive ruthenium catalysts and allows facile ...access to challenging difluoroalkylated aldehydes. The mechanism studies suggest that the distinct coordination mode of ruthenium complex with imine moieties is responsible for para-selectivity.
•The prevalence of COVID-19-related anosmia or dysgeusia during Omicron.•Improved assessment method, which avoided simple “yes” or “no” self-reports.•Specific association between the initial symptoms ...and smell or taste alterations.•Three-dose vaccination demonstrated a protective effect.•An important indicator of viral invasion of the nervous system.
To characterize the prevalence, severity, correlation with initial symptoms, and role of vaccination in patients with COVID-19 with smell or taste alterations (STAs).
We conducted an observational study of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron admitted to three hospitals between May 17 and June 16, 2022. The olfactory and gustatory functions were evaluated using the taste and smell survey and the numerical visual analog scale at two time points.
The T1 and T2 time point assessments were completed by 688 and 385 participants, respectively. The prevalence of STAs at two time points was 41.3% vs 42.6%. Furthermore, no difference existed in the severity distribution of taste and smell survey, smell, or taste visual analog scale scores between the groups. Patients with initial symptoms of headache (P = 0.03) and muscle pain (P = 0.04) were more likely to develop STAs, whereas higher education; three-dose vaccination; no symptoms yet; or initial symptoms of cough, throat discomfort, and fever demonstrated protective effects, and the results were statistically significant.
The prevalence of STAs did not decrease significantly during the Omicron dominance, but the severity was reduced, and vaccination demonstrated a protective effect. In addition, the findings suggest that the presence of STAs is likely to be an important indicator of viral invasion of the nervous system.
Efforts have been made to improve the therapeutic efficiency of tumor treatments, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown excellent potential in tumor therapy. Monotherapy for the treatment of ...tumors has limited effects due to the limitation of response conditions and inevitable multidrug resistance, which seriously affect the clinical therapeutic effect. In this study, we chose to construct a multiple cascade synergistic tumor drug delivery system MIL−101(Fe)−DOX−TCPP−MnO2@PDA−Ag (MDTM@P−Ag) using MOFs as drug carriers. Under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) and Ag NPs loaded on MDTM@P−Ag can be activated to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and achieve photothermal conversion, thus effectively inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells and achieving a combined photodynamic/photothermal therapy. Once released at the tumor site, manganese dioxide (MnO2) can catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the acidic microenvironment of the tumor to generate oxygen (O2) and alleviate the hypoxic environment of the tumor. Fe3+/Mn2+ will mediate a Fenton/Fenton-like reaction to generate cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH), while depleting the high concentration of glutathione (GSH) in the tumor, thus enhancing the chemodynamic therapeutic effect. The successful preparation of the tumor drug delivery system and its good synergistic chemodynamic/photodynamic/photothermal therapeutic effect in tumor treatment can be demonstrated by the experimental results of material characterization, performance testing and in vitro experiments.
To construct and validate nomogram models that predict the incidence of delirium in elderly patients with non-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Elderly patients (≥65y) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 ...infection at the hospital were included. We used the 3-min diagnostic Confusion Assessment Method for delirium diagnosis. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistical regression analysis was performed to explore potential independent influencing factors of delirium. A predict model visualized by nomogram was constructed based on the confirmed variables. The predictive accuracy and clinical value of the model were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
The data of 311 elderly patients were analyzed, of whom 73 (23.47%) patients were diagnosed with delirium. Three independent influencing factors of delirium were confirmed: age (OR1.16,1.11-1.22), Glomerular filtration rate (OR 0.98,0.97-0.99), platelet-large cell ratio (1.06,1.02-1.10). These parameters were used to create a nomogram to predict the development of delirium, which showed good predictive accuracy confirmed by the ROC curves (AUC 0.82,0.76-0.88).
We construct a credible nomogram to predict the development of delirium in elderly patients with Non-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our finding may be useful to physicians in early prevention and treatment of delirium.
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