The global surface temperature has increased by about 0.74°C over the past 100 years, and the frequency of extreme weather has increased as well. We used the state-of-the-art complex, dynamic, ...mechanistic model GOTM-FABM-PCLake to quantify the impacts of extreme summer warming on a summer-stratified temperate Danish lake. Simulated values of all calibrated parameters (water temperature, DO, NO
3
, NH
4
, TN, PO
4
, TP and Chl.-
a
) agreed well with observed values over the whole calibration and validation period and generally exhibited the same seasonal dynamics and inter-annual variations as the monitoring data. A series of climate scenarios with different summer heat wave frequencies and duration were set up to quantify the effects on the ecosystem state of the lake. Our simulations showed that summer surface mean TN will decrease with rising summer heat wave frequencies, while summer surface mean TP and Chl.-
a
and the biomass and proportion of cyanobacteria will increase. Following a summer heat wave, the lake approached baseline conditions in the autumn, but with increasing frequency of heatwaves the recovery period increased. Our results suggest that compliance with existing legislation, such as EU’s Water Framework Directive, will become increasingly challenging in a future scenario with increased temperatures and more frequent heatwaves.
The safety of drinking water is constantly being evaluated. In the last few decades, however, many drinking waters sources in the world, including in China, have undergone serious eutrophication and ...consequently water quality deterioration due to anthropogenic induced stressors such as elevated external nutrient inputs. In this study, we used the state-of-the-art complex, dynamic, mechanistic model GOTM-FABM-PCLake (a coupled one-dimensional hydrodynamic-lake ecosystem model) to quantitatively assess the impacts of external nutrient loading on the temperate Jihongtan reservoir in Shandong Province, China. Simulated values of all variables targeted in calibration (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll
a
) agreed well with observations throughout the entire calibration and validation period and generally mimicked seasonal dynamics and inter-annual variations as found in the monitoring data. A series of scenarios, representing changed external nutrient loadings (both increasing and decreasing compared to the current nutrient load), were set up to quantify the effects on the reservoir water quality. Changes relative to the current external nutrient load had a significant effect on the simulated TN and TP concentrations in the reservoir. Our impact assessment indicate that TN will meet the Chinese water quality requirements of the water source (Class III) when the external nitrogen load is reduced by 70%, whereas TP will meet the requirements even if the external phosphorus load is increased by 100% relative to current loads. The model predicts progressively higher summer and autumn phytoplankton biomasses in the scenarios with increasing external phosphorus loading and potential toxic cyanobacteria will become more dominant at the expense of diatoms and other algae. Strict control of the external nutrient loading is therefore needed to maintain good drinking water quality in the reservoir.
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) for real-time advanced process control (RT-APC) are a class of control systems using network communication to control industrial processes. In this paper, we use simple ...examples to describe the software principles and concepts used in the implementation of such systems. The key software principles are 1) shared data in the form of a database, files, or shared memory, 2) timers and threads for concurrent periodic execution of tasks, and 3) network communication between the control system and the process, and communication between the control system and the internet, e.g., the cloud to enable remote monitoring and commands. We show how to implement such systems for Linux operating systems applying the C programming language and we also comment on the implementation using the Python programming language. Finally, we present a complete simulation experiment using a real-time simulator.
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) for real-time advanced process control (RT-APC) are a class of control systems using network communication to control industrial processes. In this paper, we use simple ...examples to describe the software principles and concepts used in the implementation of such systems. The key software principles are 1) shared data in the form of a database, files, or shared memory, 2) timers and threads for concurrent periodic execution of tasks, and 3) network communication between the control system and the process, and communication between the control system and the internet, e.g., the cloud to enable remote monitoring and commands. We show how to implement such systems for Linux operating systems applying the C programming language and we also comment on the implementation using the Python programming language. Finally, we present a complete simulation experiment using a real-time simulator.
We compare the performance of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, linear model predictive control (LMPC), and nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) for a physical setup of the ...quadruple tank system (QTS). We estimate the parameters in a continuous-discrete time stochastic nonlinear model for the QTS using a prediction-error-method based on the measured process data and a maximum likelihood (ML) criterion. In the NMPC algorithm, we use this identified continuous-discrete time stochastic nonlinear model. The LMPC algorithm is based on a linearization of this nonlinear model. We tune the PID controller using Skogestad's IMC tuning rules using a transfer function representation of the linearized model. Norms of the observed tracking errors and the rate of change of the manipulated variables are used to compare the performance of the control algorithms. The LMPC and NMPC perform better than the PID controller for a predefined time-varying setpoint trajectory. The LMPC and NMPC algorithms have similar performance.
The 2nd Aquatic Ecosystem Modeling-Junior (AEMON-J) Hacking Limnology Workshop and 3rd Virtual Summit: Incorporating Data Science and Open Science in the Aquatic Sciences (DSOS) took place on 25–29 ...July 2022. These virtual events were developed to bring together researchers from diverse backgrounds to share developments in data-intensive research in the aquatic sciences and train participants in cutting-edge data analysis methods related to remote sensing, data pipelines, and modeling of aquatic ecosystems.
We present a dynamical model of a single catalytic fixed bed in a quench-type ammonia reactor. This model consists of thermodynamics, kinetics, pressure loss, and mass and energy balances, which upon ...spatial discretisation results in a set of differential-algebraic equations. Compared to similar models in the literature, the main novelties in the model are: 1) a rigorous thermodynamic model using a thermodynamic software library; and 2) a correlation between the gas velocity and the pressure gradient throughout the bed, i.e. the pressure loss is included in the model and used to compute the gas velocity. We investigate steady state solutions and dynamical simulations to understand the behaviour of the single catalytic fixed bed. We determine the optimal steady state operational area and inverse response dynamics are observed. The model can be used to develop model-based control, which is relevant for dynamic and flexible operation of ammonia reactors in a Power-to-Ammonia plant.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cancer-related causes of death worldwide. Despite the improvement of surgical and chemotherapeutic treatments, as of yet, the disease has not been ...overcome due to metastasis to distant organs. Hence, it is of great relevance to understand the mechanisms responsible for metastasis initiation and progression and to identify novel metastatic markers for a higher chance of preventing the metastatic disease. The Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), recently, has been shown to be a potential candidate for regulating metastasis in CRC. Hence, the aim of the study was to investigate the impact of DAPK1 protein on CRC aggressiveness. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated DAPK1-deficient HCT116 monoclonal cell lines and characterized their knockout phenotype in vitro and in vivo. We show that loss of DAPK1 implemented changes in growth pattern and enhanced tumor budding in vivo in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Further, we observed more tumor cell dissemination into chicken embryo organs and increased invasion capacity using rat brain 3D in vitro model. The novel identified DAPK1-loss gene expression signature showed a stroma typical pattern and was associated with a gained ability for remodeling the extracellular matrix. Finally, we suggest the DAPK1-ERK1 signaling axis being involved in metastatic progression of CRC. Our results highlight DAPK1 as an anti-metastatic player in CRC and suggest DAPK1 as a potential predictive biomarker for this cancer type.
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