The consequences of racial microaggressions are most often discussed at an interpersonal level. In this article, we contend that microaggressions play an important role in maintaining systems of ...racial oppression beyond the interpersonal context. Specifically, we illustrate how microaggressions establish White superiority in the United States by othering people of color (e.g., treating people of color as if they are not true citizens) and communicating that they are inferior (e.g., environmental exclusions and attacks, treating people of color as second-class citizens). We also present evidence that microaggressions play a role in protecting and reinforcing systemic racism. By obscuring systemic racism (e.g., false color blindness, denial of individual racism) and promoting ideas that maintain existing systemic inequalities (e.g., the myth of meritocracy, reverse-racism hostility), microaggressions provide cover and support for established systems of oppression. Overall, we find considerable evidence—from both empirical studies and real-world examples—that microaggressions contribute to the maintenance of systems of racial oppression in the United States. We conclude with a discussion of how we might begin to challenge this cycle by increasing awareness of systemic racism and the microaggressions that aid in its perpetuation.
Bed sharing is common practice across the global population. However, the vast majority of research on bed sharing has focused solely on mother-infant bed sharing.
Here, we provide a holistic review ...of research on bed sharing. Articles investigating the relationship between bed sharing and sleep were identified in 4 dyad categories: (1) parent and child, (2) couples, (3) siblings, and (4) pet owners and pets. Of interest was whether sleep-promoting factors such as psychological comfort were generalizable across bed-sharing dyads; alternatively, sleep-demoting factors such as movement or heat may be commonalities.
We found that, across dyad types, in general, subjective reports of sleep quality were better when bed sharing despite generally worse objective measures of sleep.
Understanding bed sharing is important to treating sleep disturbances, given the prevalence of shared beds. This scoping review points to critical gaps in our understanding of bed sharing that motivate future research.
Bedsharing (sharing a bed with others during sleep) in early childhood (3-5 years old) is common across Western and non-Western societies alike. Though prior work indicates that bedsharing may relate ...to impairments in child sleep quantity or quality, the majority of studies conducted in young children are limited to parent-child bedsharing and rely almost exclusively on caregiver reports to measure child sleep. Here, the authors endeavored to gain further insights into the diversity of bedsharing practices among children in the United States, including how different bedsharing partners (caregivers, siblings) might impact actigraphy-derived measures of children's sleep. Using a sample of 631 children ages 2:9 to 5:11 years, we found that over 36% of children bedshared in some form overnight, with approximately 22% bedsharing habitually. In a subset of children for whom actigraphy measures were collected (n = 337), children who bedshared habitually (n = 80) had significantly shorter overnight sleep, later sleep and wake times, and longer naps than solitary sleepers (n = 257), even when controlling for socioeconomic status. Despite supplementing their shorter overnight sleep with longer naps, habitually bedsharing children had significantly shorter 24-hr sleep time than did solitary sleepers, though differences in sleep efficiency were nonsignificant for all sleep periods. Additionally, sleep efficiency, onset latency, and duration did not differ between children who habitually bedshared with siblings versus those who habitually bedshared with parents. The present results add to prior work examining family contextual correlates of sleep differences in early childhood and provide a more objective account of relations between bedsharing and child sleep.
U.S. media has extensively covered racial disparities in COVID-19 infections and deaths, which may ironically reduce public concern about COVID-19. In two preregistered studies (conducted in the fall ...of 2020), we examined whether perceptions of COVID-19 racial disparities predict White U.S. residents’ attitudes toward COVID-19. Utilizing a correlational design (N = 498), we found that those who perceived COVID-19 racial disparities to be greater reported reduced fear of COVID-19, which predicted reduced support for COVID-19 safety precautions. In Study 2, we manipulated exposure to information about COVID-19 racial disparities (N = 1,505). Reading about the persistent inequalities that produced COVID-19 racial disparities reduced fear of COVID-19, empathy for those vulnerable to COVID-19, and support for safety precautions. These findings suggest that publicizing racial health disparities has the potential to create a vicious cycle wherein raising awareness reduces support for the very policies that could protect public health and reduce disparities.
•Tested relations with White US residents' awareness of COVID-19 racial disparities.•Perceiving greater COVID-19 racial disparities predicted reduced fear of COVID-19.•Exposure to information about COVID-19 racial disparities reduced empathy.•Reduced empathy and fear of COVID-19 predict reduced support for safety precautions.•Highlighting racial disparities may paradoxically perpetuate racial inequalities.
Sleep disturbances in early childhood are associated with mood and anxiety disorders. Children also exhibit sleep disruptions, such as nighttime awakenings, nightmares, and difficulties falling ...asleep, in conjunction with adverse events and stress. Prior studies have examined independently the role of sleep on adaptive processing, as well as the effects of stress on sleep. However, how childhood sleep and children's adaptive behavior (i.e., coping strategies) bidirectionally interact is currently less known. Using a within-subjects design and actigraphy-measured sleep from 16 preschool-aged children (M
age
= 56.4 months,
SD
= 10.8, range: 36–70 months), this study investigated how prior sleep patterns relate to children's coping during a potentially stressful event, the COVID-19 pandemic, and how prior coping skills may influence children's sleep during the pandemic. Children who woke earlier had greater negative expression both before and during the pandemic. During the pandemic, children slept longer and woke later on average compared to before the pandemic. Additionally, for children engaged in at-home learning, sleeping longer was associated with less negative expression. These findings highlight how sleep behaviors and coping strategies are related, and the stability of this relationship under stress.
Introduction There is a general trend to move out of the city and into suburbs to start a family. This transition is based on a number of factors including larger housing amenities and a supposedly ...increased quality of life. One question that has not been asked is how different types of residential living environments might affect a child’s sleep. The present study examines the effects that different types of residences; detached single-family homes, attached single-family homes, small apartment buildings, and large apartment buildings, have on sleep. Methods Parents of 306 preschool-aged children (143 female, M=51.73 months) completed a demographic questionnaire, which probed parents’ employment status and education level, type of residence, and household income. In addition, children wore actigraphy watches to objectively record their sleep and activity levels over the course of two weeks. Results Across the sample, 59.15% of children lived in detached single-family homes, 16.34% lived in attached single-family homes, 8.17% lived in apartment buildings with two to three homes, and 16.34% lived in larger buildings containing four or more apartments. With regard to sleep quality, there was a significant main effect of residence type on time spent asleep at night on the weekend (F(3,301)=3.657, p=.013), with children in detached single-family homes sleeping significantly longer than attached single-family homes or buildings with four or more apartments after controlling for socio-economic status (SES) (pairwise ps<.05). Additionally, residence type had a significant effect on time spent in bed after controlling for SES (F(3,301)=2.720, p=.045), with children sleeping in detached single-family homes staying in bed for longer than their counterparts living in large apartment buildings (ps<.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that type of residence, particularly detached single-family homes, have a significant effect on sleep for preschoolers. Further data should be collected to create a balanced sample size across the different kinds of residences, and other data, such as decibel levels within the home could give insight into whether proximity and volume of neighbors is driving the correlation. Support (If Any) NIH R01 HL111695.
Abstract
Introduction
Physical activity (PA) and sleep contribute to overall health in early childhood. To explore the interactive relationships of these behaviors in older children and adults, ...previous studies have examined temporal between- and within-person associations through micro-longitudinal designs. However, such analyses have not been conducted in early childhood, when behaviors are guided by adult caregivers. The purpose of this analysis was to examine temporal and bidirectional associations between SED, PA, and sleep in preschool children.
Methods
Wake (activity counts/min and percent time in SED, light PA LPA, and moderate-to-vigorous PA MVPA) and overnight sleep (sleep duration, sleep efficiency SE, mid-sleep point MSP) were assessed via wrist-based actigraphy (mean = 10.4 days and 9.8 nights) and recorded as repeated (daily) measures. Multilevel models with lagged effects and AR(1) error covariance structure were used to examine the temporal associations between wake and sleep measures and adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and nap frequency.
Results
With PA measures as predictors, between-person associations were positive between activity counts and SE (p=0.004), SED and SE (p=0.004), LPA and sleep duration (p=0.005), and negative between LPA and MSP (p=0.039) and MVPA and SE (p=0.003). Within-person associations were positive between activity counts and sleep duration (p=0.010), activity counts and SE (p=0.018), MVPA and sleep duration (p=0.003), MVPA and SE (p=0.004), and negative between SED and SE (p=0.034) and LPA and sleep duration (p=0.045). With sleep measures as predictors, associations were positive between sleep duration and LPA (p<0.001) and SE and SED (p=0.008), and negative between MSP and LPA (p=0.009), SE and activity counts (p=0.001), and SE and MVPA (p=0.003). Within-person associations were positive between SE and activity counts (p=0.001) and SE and MVPA (p=0.001), and negative between sleep duration and LPA (p=0.001) and SE and SED (p=0.012).
Conclusion
Generally, days with higher levels of activity or sleep were not associated with greater subsequent sleep or PA. Conversely, when participants obtained greater PA or sleep compared to their individual average, some beneficial associations were evident. These findings demonstrate some evidence of temporal associations between PA and sleep, although the bidirectional nature was not conclusive.
Support (if any)
NIH R01 HL111695
Abstract
Study Objectives
Understanding the ideal composition of a child’s day requires a better understanding of the relations between wake behaviors (sedentary behavior SB, physical activity PA) ...and sleep. Here, we examine between- and within-person temporal associations between daytime wake behaviors and overnight sleep in early childhood, an important age when healthy behaviors are initiated and 24-hour behaviors are largely determined by caregivers.
Methods
Daily, repeated measures of wake behavior and overnight sleep were assessed via wrist-worn actigraphy (mean = 9 days/nights) in 240 children (50.8 ± 9.8 months). Multilevel models with lagged effects were used to examine the temporal associations between wake and overnight sleep measures and adjusted for daily nap duration, age, sex, and socioeconomic status.
Results
Between-person associations for sleep outcomes were negative between moderate-to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) and total activity for sleep efficiency (SE). Between-person associations for wake outcomes were positive between sleep duration and light PA, and negative between SE and both MVPA and total PA. When children obtained higher SE relative to their individual average, they were more likely to engage in less SB and greater MVPA and total PA the next day.
Conclusions
Generally, days with greater activity or sleep were not associated with greater subsequent sleep or PA. Most subsequent behaviors were not influenced by children achieving higher activity or sleep relative to their individual average levels, although higher SE was beneficially associated with next day wake behaviors. Future analyses with young children should consider within-person associations and could investigate lagged effects beyond one day.
Early childhood is an important age for brain and cognitive development. Given the support of physical activity and fitness on cognition and academic performance in older children, more research has ...emerged recently focusing on younger children. In this systematic review, the authors review the relations between physical activity/fitness and academic-related (ie, school readiness and cognitive) outcomes in early childhood.
A search was conducted from PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ERIC databases, and reference lists for articles that had participants aged less than 6 years were written in English, and were in peer-reviewed journals. Articles were excluded if the design was a case study or case series report. The Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework was followed to assess the quality of evidence by study design.
Sixty-eight articles reporting on 72 studies (29 observational and 43 experimental) were included. The majority of study effects were mixed, and the quality of evidence varied from very low to low.
A clear consensus about the role of physical activity and fitness on academic-related outcomes in early childhood is still lacking given the high heterogeneity in methodological approaches and overall effects. Additional high-quality studies are needed to determine what specific dosages of physical activity are impactful at this age.
KEYNOTE-164 (NCT02460198) evaluated the antitumor activity of pembrolizumab in previously treated, metastatic, microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient (MSI-H/dMMR) colorectal cancer ...(CRC).
This phase II open-label study involved 128 centers worldwide. Eligible patients were age ≥ 18 years and had metastatic MSI-H/dMMR CRC treated with ≥ 2 prior lines of standard therapy, including fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan with or without anti-vascular endothelial growth factor/epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (cohort A) or ≥ 1 prior line of therapy (cohort B). MSI-H/dMMR status was assessed locally. Patients received pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks for up to 2 years until progression, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal. The primary end point was objective response rate by RECIST version 1.1 by independent central review. Secondary end points were duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, safety, and tolerability.
A total of 124 patients with MSI-H/dMMR CRC (61 in cohort A, 63 in cohort B) enrolled. At data cutoff, median follow-up was 31.3 months (range, 0.2-35.6 months) for cohort A and 24.2 months (range, 0.1-27.1 months) for cohort B. Objective response rate was 33% (95% CI, 21% to 46%) and 33% (95% CI, 22% to 46%), respectively, with median duration of response not reached in either cohort. Median PFS was 2.3 months (95% CI, 2.1 to 8.1 months) and 4.1 months (95% CI, 2.1 to 18.9 months). Median overall survival was 31.4 months (95% CI, 21.4 months to not reached) and not reached (95% CI, 19.2 months to not reached). Treatment-related grade 3-4 adverse events occurred in 10 patients (16%) in cohort A and 8 (13%) in cohort B, with the most common occurring in ≥ 2 patients being pancreatitis, fatigue, increased alanine aminotransferase, and increased lipase (2 patients each; 3%) in cohort A.
Pembrolizumab is effective with a manageable safety profile in patients with MSI-H/dMMR CRC.
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