Abstract Background Despite recent advances the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease remains incompletely understood. A variety of animal models have been utilized in an effort to provide further insights ...and develop more therapeutic options. In order to simulate, to an extent, the pathogenesis and the clinical course of the disease, TNBS induced colitis is often used. Various approaches for inducing TNBS -colitis have been described in the literature. Methods/results In this review, we sought to present the animal model of TNBS induced colitis and outline the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical course and pathological characteristics of the model. Furthermore, we describe the differences among those protocols regarding types of animals and colitis induction. Data sources The MEDLINE database was thoroughly searched using the keywords: TNBS, colitis, Crohn's disease, animal model. Two investigators independently reviewed the abstracts and appropriate articles were included in this review. Additional articles were gathered and evaluated. Conclusion The aim of this study was to thoroughly present an updated review of the TNBS-induced colitis protocols that are implemented by researchers.
Minimally invasive thyroidectomy sounds non-familiar to the general surgeon. Since conventional open approach has been widely adopted, surgeons in their effort to further improve their skills passed ...to the new era of the Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES). The widespread adoption of robotics has led to the inevitable usage of robotic technology in simple and more complicated procedures. Although cervical area is limited and difficult to handle the necessary instruments, many efforts have been noted and the new era in minimal invasive thyroidectomy is coming. Transoral vestibular thyroidectomy promises excellent cosmetic results, in accordance with the elimination of complications, such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The safety of the procedure has to be the main thought for the surgeon who perform the technique. A comprehensive search of PubMed Database was conducted for English-language studies using a list of key words. All transoral vestibular thyroidectomies that had intraoperative and postoperative complications were included from January 2000 till December 2018. A total of 11 studies, including 428 patients that underwent transoral thyroidectomy via vestibular approach, were analyzed. Postoperative data and complications were gathered among these studies. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was more likely to be discovered during the first postoperative days as transient hoarseness. Small hematomas were noticed, and most of them were definitively treated at the hospital where the injury occurred. Transient hypocalcemia was treated with per os supplements. Transoral vestibular thyroidectomy is a safe and adequate alternative to conventional open approach, with excellent cosmetic results. On the other hand, surgeons must be already experienced and familiar with robotic or endoscopic techniques, so as to overcome the problem of the eliminated space in the central neck area.
A major response to pre-hepatectomy chemotherapy has been associated with improved survival in patients who undergo resection of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). However, the role of tumor ...biology, as exemplified by overall and codon-specific KRAS mutational status, in predicting response to chemotherapy is not well defined.
Pathologic response was characterized as minor or major depending on the percentage of remnant viable cells (>50% vs <50%, respectively). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with major response.
319 patients met inclusion criteria. 229 patients had a KRAS wild-type (wtKRAS) tumor and 90 harbored KRAS mutations (mutKRAS). A major pathologic response was more commonly noted in patients with wtKRAS compared to mutKRAS (48.5% vs 33.3%, P = 0.01) and wtKRAS status remained independently associated with a major response (P = 0.04). On a codon-specific level, major pathologic response occurred less frequently in those with codon 13 mutations (17.7%) compared to those with codon 12 (35.4%), and other KRAS mutations (33.3%). Importantly, codon 13 mutations were independently associated with minor pathologic response (P = 0.023).
Patients with wtKRAS tumors appear to have the highest likelihood of experiencing a major response after preoperative chemotherapy. Future studies in “all-comer” cohorts are needed to confirm these findings and further investigate the response of codon 13 mutations.
The devil hides in the details Karavokyros, Ioannis, MD, PhD; Angelou, Anastasios, MD; Pikoulis, Emmanouil, MD, PhD
International journal of surgery (London, England),
06/2016, Letnik:
30
Journal Article
Early management of vascular injury, starting at the field, is imperative for survival no less than any operative maneuver. Contemporary prehospital management of vascular trauma, including ...appropriate fluid and volume infusion, tourniquets, and hemostatic agents, has reversed the historically known limb hemorrhage as a leading cause of death. In this context, damage control (DC) surgery has evolved to DC resuscitation (DCR) as an overarching concept that draws together preoperative and operative interventions aiming at rapidly reducing bleeding from vascular disruption, optimizing oxygenation, and clinical outcomes. This review addresses contemporary DCR techniques from the prehospital to the surgical setting, focusing on civilian vascular injuries.
It is well-known that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses an increased, yet not definitely estimated, risk of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC), which is considered a more aggressive and ...distinct in both genetic and molecular levels clinical entity compared to sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). The present review discusses the cytokine networks involved in CAC-based translational findings from suitable animal models of the disease. Moreover, we summarize the most prominent data concerning the role of Th1, Th2, Th17 and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of CAC. Last, we briefly address the controversies between basic science findings in IBD and CAC and suggest further directions regarding research on cytokines. This review should serve as a primer for clinicians and surgeons to understand the rapidly evolving field of cytokines in the context of CAC.
The MEDLINE database was thoroughly searched using the keywords: cytokines, colitis-associated cancer, animal models, carcinogenesis. Additional articles were gathered and evaluated.
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