Summary
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) has become an accepted practice in many countries and remains a focus of intense interest in the transplant community. The present study is aimed at ...providing a description of the current situation of DCD in European countries. Specific questionnaires were developed to compile information on DCD practices, activities and post‐transplant outcomes. Thirty‐five countries completed the survey. DCD is practiced in 18 countries: eight have both controlled DCD (cDCD) and uncontrolled DCD (uDCD) programs, 4 only cDCD and 6 only uDCD. All these countries have legally binding and/or nonbinding texts to regulate the practice of DCD. The no‐touch period ranges from 5 to 30 min. There are variations in ante and post mortem interventions used for the practice of cDCD. During 2008–2016, the highest DCD activity was described in the United Kingdom, Spain, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Data on post‐transplant outcomes of patients who receive DCD donor kidneys show better results with grafts obtained from cDCD versus uDCD donors. In conclusion, DCD is becoming increasingly accepted and performed in Europe, importantly contributing to the number of organs available and providing acceptable post‐transplantation outcomes.
Low levels of physical activity are common during the hospital stay and have been associated with negative health outcomes. Understanding barriers and enablers to physical activity during a hospital ...stay can improve the development and implementation of tailored interventions aimed at improving physical activity. Previous studies have identified many barriers and enablers, but a comprehensive overview is lacking. This study aimed to identify and categorize all published patient- and healthcare professional-reported barriers and enablers to physical activity during a hospital stay for acute care, using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).
We conducted a scoping review of Dutch and English articles using MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library (inception to September 2020), which included quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies reporting barriers and enablers to physical activity during a hospital stay for acute care, as perceived by patients or healthcare professionals. Two reviewers systematically extracted, coded, and categorized all barriers and enablers into TDF domains.
Fifty-six articles were included in this review (32 qualitative, 7 quantitative, and 17 mixed-methods). In total, 264 barriers and 228 enablers were reported by patients, and 415 barriers and 409 enablers by healthcare professionals. Patient-reported barriers were most frequently assigned to the TDF domains Environmental Context & Resources (ECR, n = 148), Social Influences (n = 32), and Beliefs about Consequences (n = 25), while most enablers were assigned to ECR (n = 67), Social Influences (n = 54), and Goals (n = 32). Barriers reported by healthcare professionals were most frequently assigned to ECR (n = 210), Memory, Attention and Decision Process (n = 45), and Social/Professional Role & Identity (n = 31), while most healthcare professional-reported enablers were assigned to the TDF domains ECR (n = 143), Social Influences (n = 76), and Behavioural Regulation (n = 54).
Our scoping review presents a comprehensive overview of all barriers and enablers to physical activity during a hospital stay and highlights the prominent role of the TDF domains ECR and Social Influences in hospitalized patients' physical activity behavior. This TDF-based overview provides a theoretical foundation to guide clinicians and researchers in future intervention development and implementation.
No protocol was registered for this review.
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•Various thickness CuCrO2:Mg thin films were elaborated using RF sputtering.•Electrical resistivity versus film thickness showed a non-conform variation.•The hole hopping transport ...type has been identified in this material.•Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity depend on the microstructure.•The power factor of 100 nm thick film is 59 µW·m−1 K−2 at 200 °C.
Thermoelectric thin films are of great interest to microelectronic devices and miniaturized temperature sensors. In this article, we have studied the influence of film thickness on the electrical and thermoelectric properties of Mg-doped CuCrO2 delafossite material (CuCrO2:Mg), a delafossite-type oxide. For this purpose, a serie of CuCr0.97Mg0.03O2 thin films with various thicknesses (25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 nm) have been deposited by Radio Frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The as-deposited films were annealed at 550 °C under vacuum to obtain well crystallized delafossite phase. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that samples had pure delafossite structure. The atomic force microscope observations revealed the increase of the grain size with increasing thickness. The electrical and thermoelectric properties are characterized in temperature ranging from 40 to 220 °C and they were thickness dependent. The thickness dependency of the Seebeck coefficient was not expected and indicated that the carrier density changes with thickness below 100 nm. The variation of the film resistivity below 100 nm thickness was explained by both the change of the carrier density and the potential barrier addition due to small grain size. Using the electrical conductivity, the polaron activation energy (Eσp = 0.131 eV for 100 nm thick sample) was determined and its variation indicated that the stress/strain effect in the film with increasing thickness impacts the mobility. Moreover, the unexpected increase of the resistivity between 400 and 600 nm was also explained by the micro-cracks formation. The electrical and thermoelectric measurements showed a degenerated hopping semi-conductor behavior for the whole thicknesses. The highest electrical conductivity (1.7 S·cm−1 at 40 °C) was obtained for 100 nm thick film which presented a Seebeck coefficient of +307 µV·K−1 at 40 °C. We report maximum power factor of 16 µW·m−1·K−2 at 40 °C for the optimum thickness of 100 nm, which reached 59 µW·m−1·K−2 at 200 °C. The above results were explained in terms of microstructure and stress/strain effect.
Abstract
The cause of malaria transmission has been known for over a century but it is still unclear whether entomological measures are sufficiently reliable to inform policy decisions in human ...health. Decision-making on the effectiveness of new insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and the indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) have been based on epidemiological data, typically collected in cluster-randomised control trials. The number of these trials that can be conducted is limited. Here we use a systematic review to highlight that efficacy estimates of the same intervention may vary substantially between trials. Analyses indicate that mosquito data collected in experimental hut trials can be used to parameterize mechanistic models for
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria and reliably predict the epidemiological efficacy of quick-acting, neuro-acting ITNs and IRS. Results suggest that for certain types of ITNs and IRS using this framework instead of clinical endpoints could support policy and expedite the widespread use of novel technologies.
Current literature occasionally considers septic arthritis in native joints and prosthetic joint infections as equal pathologies. However, significant differences can be identified. The aim of this ...review of literature is to describe these differences in definitions, pathology, diagnostic workups, treatment strategies, and prognosis.
Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) may have different impacts on distinct mosquito vector species. We assessed the efficacy of pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen and pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr LLINs on the ...density of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii compared to pyrethroid-only nets in a three-arm cluster randomised control trial in Benin.
Indoor and outdoor collections of adult mosquitoes took place in 60 clusters using human landing catches at baseline and every 3 months for 2 years. After morphological identification, around 15% of randomly selected samples of An. gambiae s.l. were dissected to determine parity, species (using PCR).
Overall, a total of 46,613 mosquito specimens were collected at baseline and 259,250 in the eight quarterly collections post-net distribution. Post-net distribution, approximately 70% of the specimens of An. gambiae s.l. speciated were An. coluzzii, while the rest were mostly composed of An. gambiae s.s. with a small proportion (< 1%) of hybrids (An. gambiae/coluzzii). There was no evidence of a significant reduction in vector density indoors in either primary vector species An. coluzzii: DR (density ratio) = 0.62 (95% CI 0.21-1.77), p = 0.3683 for the pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen LLIN and DR = 0.56 (95% CI 0.19-1.62), p = 0.2866 for the pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr LLIN, An. gambiae s.s.: DR = 0.52 (95% CI 0.18-1.46), p = 0.2192 for the pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen LLIN and DR = 0.53 (95% CI 0.19-1.46), p = 0.2222 for the pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr. The same trend was observed outdoors. Parity rates of An. gambiae s.l. were also similar across study arms.
Compared with pyrethroid-only LLINs, pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr LLINs and pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen LLINs performed similarly against the two primary mosquito species An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii in Benin.
Lichen planus (LP) is a cutaneomucosal chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a CD8+ cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTL) infiltrate. In erosive oral LP, we found HPV16‐specific activated CTL in ...lesions, supporting a pathogenic contribution of HPV16. Here, we investigated whether a similar scenario occurs in other clinical forms of LP and in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA), another chronic disease also affecting the mucosa and/or the skin. Blood CTL from LP and LSA patients expressed significant higher levels of granzyme B, perforin and CD107a proteins than healthy donors. Expansions of TCRVß3+ CTL, with presence of TCR clonotypes identical to those previously detected in erosive oral LP, were found both in blood and mucosal/skin lesions of LP, and not of LSA patients. These expansions were enriched with HPV16‐specific CD8+ T‐cells as shown by their recognition of the E711‐20 immunodominant epitope. In LSA patients, the peripheral repertoire of CTL was oligoclonal for TCRVß6+ CTL. Finally, although patients with LP and LSA have developed antibodies against HPV16 capsid L1, antibodies against HPV16 E6 were only observed in patients with LP. Overall, our data collectively suggest an involvement of HPV16‐specific CTL in different clinical forms of LP, not only in erosive oral LP, while a different scenario operates in LSA.
The principal aim was to investigate the feasibility of assessing mother-infant interactions at discharge and at 6 months infant corrected age in singletons born before 32 weeks of gestation. The ...secondary aims were to describe these interactions and their disorders, explore the association between maternal emotional state and the interactions, and assess the relationship between disordered interactions and infant social withdrawal behaviour.
OLIMPE is an ancillary study of the population-based study EPIPAGE 2, which recruited preterm neonates in France in 2011. 163 dyads participated at discharge and 148 at 6 months. Interactions were observed with the Attachment During Stress (ADS) scale, which includes two behavioural subscales, for the mother (m-ADS) and her infant (i-ADS). Two professionals independently completed the ADS scales for one third of the observations. Maternal emotional state was assessed using self-administered questionnaires of depression, anxiety, and stress. Infant's social withdrawal behaviour at 6 months was measured by the Alarm Distress Baby scale.
At discharge, 15.3% of the m-ADS scales and 43.3% of the i-ADS scales had at least one unobserved component. At 6 months, all items on both scales were noticeable in >90% of the dyads. Reliability, estimated by the kappa coefficient, ranged between 0.39 and 0.76 at discharge, and between 0.21 and 0.69 at 6 months. Disordered interactions were indicated on 48.6% of the m-ADS scales and 36.5% of the i-ADS scales at discharge. At 6 months, these rates were 32.6% and 26.0%. Disordered interactions at 6 months were associated with identified disorder at discharge. Insecure infant attachment was not influenced by maternal mental health but was strongly associated with infant social withdrawal behaviour.
The ADS scale can be used to screen for early interaction disorders after premature birth and may help to target dyads that would most benefit from early intervention.
We have discovered and developed a series of molecules (thiazole benzenesulfonamides). HA15, the lead compound of this series, displayed anti-cancerous activity on all melanoma cells tested, ...including cells isolated from patients and cells that developed resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Our molecule displayed activity against other liquid and solid tumors. HA15 also exhibited strong efficacy in xenograft mouse models with melanoma cells either sensitive or resistant to BRAF inhibitors. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical studies identified the chaperone BiP/GRP78/HSPA5 as the specific target of HA15 and demonstrated that the interaction increases ER stress, leading to melanoma cell death by concomitant induction of autophagic and apoptotic mechanisms.
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•HA15 is a molecule that targets specifically BiP/GRP78/HSPA5•HA15 induces ER stress leading to cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo•HA15 overcomes BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma cells•HA15 is a potential therapeutic for melanoma treatment
Cerezo et al. show that HA15, the lead compound of a series of thiazole benzenesulfonamides that they have developed, kills cancer cells by targeting BiP to increase ER stress. HA15 exhibits strong efficacy in melanoma cells, including those resistant to BRAF inhibitors.
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 is essential for transducing T cell receptor (TCR) signals and plays an important role in T cell development and activation. Previous genetic studies ...identified a natural variant of Vav1 characterized by the substitution of an arginine (R) residue by a tryptophane (W) at position 63 (Vav1
). This variant impacts Vav1 adaptor functions and controls susceptibility to T cell-mediated neuroinflammation. To assess the implication of this Vav1 variant on the susceptibility to antibody-mediated diseases, we used the animal model of myasthenia gravis, experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). To this end, we generated a knock-in (KI) mouse model bearing a R to W substitution in the Vav1 gene (Vav1
) and immunized it with either torpedo acetylcholine receptor (tAChR) or the α146-162 immunodominant peptide. We observed that the Vav1
conferred increased susceptibility to EAMG, revealed by a higher AChR loss together with an increased production of effector cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17A, GM-CSF) by antigen-specific CD4
T cells, as well as an increased frequency of antigen-specific CD4
T cells. This correlated with the emergence of a dominant antigen-specific T cell clone in KI mice that was not present in wild-type mice, suggesting an impact on thymic selection and/or a different clonal selection threshold following antigen encounter. Our results highlight the key role of Vav1 in the pathophysiology of EAMG and this was associated with an impact on the TCR repertoire of AChR reactive T lymphocytes.
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