The phloem-limited '
Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) causes huanglongbing, a destructive citrus disease. Graft-inoculated potted plants were used to assess Las speed of movement in phloem in the ...greenhouse, and the impacts of temperature on plant colonization in growth-chamber experiments. For assessment of Las speed, plants were inoculated at the main stem and assessed over time by quantitative PCR (qPCR) or symptoms at various distances from the inoculum. For colonization, the plants were inoculated in one of two opposite top branches, maintained at from 8 to 20°C, from 18 to 30°C, or from 24 to 38°C daily range, and assessed by qPCR of samples taken from noninoculated shoots. For all experiments, frequencies of Las-positive sites were submitted to analysis of variance and binomial generalized linear model and logistic regression analyses. Probabilities of detecting Las in greenhouse plants were functions of time and distance from the inoculation site, which resulted in 2.9 and 3.8 cm day
average speed of movement. In growth chambers, the temperature impacted plant colonization by Las, new shoot emission, and symptom expression. After a 7-month exposure time, Las was absent in all new shoots in the cooler environment (average three per plant), and present in 70% at the milder environment (six shoots, severe symptoms) and 25% in the warmer environment (eight shoots, no visible symptoms). Temperature of 25.7°C was the optimum condition for plant colonization. This explains the higher impact and incidence of huanglongbing disease during the winter months or regions of milder climates in Brazil.
Background & Aims
Information on safety and efficacy of systemic treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) under dialysis are limited due to patient exclusion from clinical trials. ...Thus, we aimed to evaluate the rate, prevalence, tolerability, and outcome of sorafenib in this population.
Methods
We report a multicenter study comprising patients from Latin America and Europe. Patients treated with sorafenib were enrolled; demographics, dose modifications, adverse events (AEs), treatment duration, and outcome of patients undergoing dialysis were recorded.
Results
As of March 2018, 6156 HCC patients were treated in 44 centres and 22 patients were concomitantly under dialysis (0.36%). The median age was 65.5 years, 40.9% had hepatitis C, 75% had Child‐Pugh A, and 85% were Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer‐C. The median time to first dose modification, treatment duration and overall survival rate were 2.4 months (interquartile ranges IQR, 0.8‐3.8), 10.8 months (IQR, 4.5‐16.9), and 17.5 months (95% CI, 7.2‐24.5), respectively. Seventeen patients required at least 1 dose modification. The main causes of first dose modification were asthenia/worsening of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group‐Performance Status and diarrhoea. At the time of death or last follow‐up, four patients were still on treatment and 18 had discontinued sorafenib: 14 were due to tumour progression, 2 were sorafenib‐related, and 2 were non‐sorafenib‐related AE.
Conclusions
The outcomes observed in this cohort seem comparable to those in the non‐dialysis population. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, this is the largest and most informative dataset regarding systemic treatment outcomes in HCC patients undergoing dialysis.
This work aims to provide a thermodynamic modeling to determine the high heating value (HHV) of food samples, particularly high-calorie food. The HHV is measured experimentally, and a rigorous model ...is constructed from these data. A bomb calorimeter under controlled conditions is used to experimentally determine the HHV of four commercial snacks (Twix, Snickers, Peanut Planters, and KitKat). The samples are characterized by ultimate analysis. The rigorous modeling is developed using a modified Peng-Robinson (PR) Equation of State (EoS) developed by Forero-Velásquez (FV). Also, mass and energy balances, vapor-liquid equilibria equations, and the reaction speed rate are stated. The results indicate that the average absolute deviation between the nutritional information label and rigorous modeling is 6.54%. Also, an equation is suggested for rapid estimation of HHV using data from rigorous modeling. The results show that the developed linear equation is simpler and provides an absolute relative deviation of 11.04% compared to other sophisticated or multiparametric reported literature models with deviations of 16.62%.
The oldest evidence of a human presence in western Europe is currently documented at the late Early Pleistocene sites of Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3 (Guadix-Baza Basin, SE Spain), dated ...respectively to 1.4 and 1.2 Ma. Understanding the climatic variability that these hominins encountered and coped with is of outstanding importance for placing their activities in an ecological context and understanding their capacity to adapt to changing conditions. Glacial-interglacial variability during this period was considerably less intense than during later phases of the Pleistocene. To date, however, no quantitative estimates are available for this climate variability in Early Pleistocene hominin sites, and no ‘cold’ reconstructions directly associated with the early hominin occupations of Europe have been performed either. Here stratigraphically constrained quantitative climatic reconstructions are provided for the sites of Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3, using an improvement on the Mutual Ecogeographic Range method by projecting the niche envelope of the extant representatives of Ophisaurus sp. We ascertain differences in temperature and rainfall between the different layers of the two sites, in line with previous reconstructions that revealed warm, humid periods (‘interglacial’) as well as more temperate but drier periods (‘glacial’'), consistent with Early Pleistocene climate cyclicity. Our new estimates suggest that late Early Pleistocene hominins, though conditioned to some degree by climatic factors, were able to deal with changing climatic and environmental conditions (‘interglacial’ and ‘glacial’') in the southwestern extremity of the European continent.
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•The oldest human evidence in western Europe is currently documented at 1.4 Ma.•Understanding the climatic variability that these hominins encountered is relevant.•Paleoclimatic data are provided for an archaeopaleontological sequence.•The Early Pleistocene hominins were able to cope with changing climatic conditions.
Motivated by cold atom and ultra‐fast pump‐probe experiments we study the melting of long‐range antiferromagnetic order of a perfect Néel state in a periodically driven repulsive Hubbard model. The ...dynamics is calculated for a Bethe lattice in infinite dimensions with non‐equilibrium dynamical mean‐field theory. In the absence of driving melting proceeds differently depending on the quench of the interactions to hopping ratio U/ν0 from the atomic limit. For U≫ν0 decay occurs due to mobile charge‐excitations transferring energy to the spin sector, while for ν0≳U it is governed by the dynamics of residual quasi‐particles. Here we explore the rich effects that strong periodic driving has on this relaxation process spanning three frequency ω regimes: (i) high‐frequency ω≫U,ν0, (ii) resonant lω=U>ν0 with integer l, and (iii) in‐gap U>ω>ν0 away from resonance. In case (i) we can quickly switch the decay from quasi‐particle to charge‐excitation mechanism through the suppression of ν0. For (ii) the interaction can be engineered, even allowing an effective U=0 regime to be reached, giving the reverse switch from a charge‐excitation to quasi‐particle decay mechanism. For (iii) the exchange interaction can be controlled with little effect on the decay. By combining these regimes we show how periodic driving could be a potential pathway for controlling magnetism in antiferromagnetic materials. Finally, our numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of matrix product state techniques to the Hamiltonian DMFT impurity problem subjected to strong periodic driving.
Motivated by state‐of‐the‐art experiments on ultra‐fast control of many‐body quantum systems, the dynamics of a periodically‐driven Hubbard lattice is analyzed in an infinite‐dimensional Bethe geometry. Its evolution from an antiferromagetic state is simulated by combining nonequilibrium DMFT with a MPS impurity solver. Tuning the driving frequency, magnetic melting slowdown (high frequency), enhancement and dynamics reversal (resonance) are induced. Periodic driving thus provides a pathway for manipulating magnetism in complex systems.
The analysis of photoinduced charge transfer (CT) processes in a particular SERS spectrum is not a trivial task since each system must be studied separately and no universal selection rules can be ...proposed for this kind of enhancement mechanism. Despite this, we found out in previous studies that the SERS-CT spectra of benzene-like molecules are mainly characterized by the strong enhancement of the totally symmetric 8a ring-stretching vibration and we have used this as a propensity rule to recognize the presence of resonant CT processes in the SERS of these adsorbates. However, it is necessary to cautiously consider the relevant symmetry of the system under study before applying this simplified rule. When the molecule shows a low symmetry (or the relevant symmetry is reduced by the adsorption on the metal as it was demonstrated in the case of pyrimidine), the selective intensification of the 8a mode can be disguised by the redistribution of the CT enhancement with another close vibration in wavenumber, namely the 8b mode, usually a non-totally symmetric fundamental. 3-Methylpyridine is an illustrative example of this given that similar SERS enhancement of both 8a and 8b modes can be quantitatively explained through Franck–Condon factors without having to resort to Herzberg–Teller contributions.
Remote sensing is a useful tool for the documentation of archaeological sites. The products derived from a photogrammetric project applied to archaeology such as orthophotos and three-dimensional ...virtual reconstruction (3DVR), allow for detailed study of the Fuente Nueva 3 site in Orce. In our study of the Fuente Nueva 3 site in Orce, we used 3DVR intensively to map out the morphometric features of mammoth tusks exposed on the surface and a geological fault affecting the site’s deposits. To do so, we used imagery captured since 2017 in order to follow the evolution of ongoing excavations during each subsequent field season. We also integrated the 3DVR model in a videogame environment, to create a virtual reality (VR) that allows a VR navigation experience around the scenario using a head mounted display like Oculus Rift. The main features of this VR experience are: (1) It is ideal for the diffusion of archaeological contents since it permits an attractive presentation mode thanks to stereo visualization and realistic immersion sensations; (2) it provides a high level of detail all along the navigation experience, without incurring any damage to the archaeological remains; (3) it allows users to observe more details than they would in an in situ visit to the site; (4) it makes it possible to convert an archaeological site into portable heritage, opening up the possibility to extend visits to vulnerable groups: specifically those with reduced mobility. Our results show that using VR should permit enhancements to a visitor’s experience and contribute to the socio-economic development of the town of Orce, one of the Spanish municipalities with the lowest income.
Venta Micena (Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain) is an Early Pleistocene locality renowned for the richness and quality of its palaeontological record. VM is spread over an area of 2.5 km2, where ...several exposed fossil outcrops are visible amidst its gorges and ravines. The best known of these sites, VM3, has been interpreted as a hyaena den. In addition, a new site, named VM4, has recently been the focus of fieldwork and taphonomic studies. The publication by Luzón et al. (2021) pointed out that VM4 presents a more complex history than VM3. First, two different sub-levels were identified: VM4-I and VM4-II. Secondly, the preliminary taphonomic analysis showed conspicuous differences with regard to VM3. Nevertheless, such interpretation has been challenged by Palmqvist et al. (2022) who proposed that VM3 and VM4 are both the result of a single depositional process, entailing the selective transport of skeletal parts by the giant extinct hyaena Pachycrocuta brevirostris back to its den. Using well-preserved faunal elements whose depositional context and provenance are reliable, in this paper we show that: 1) there are two clearly defined sub-levels in VM4 with some shared taphonomic characteristics as well as some notable differences; 2) VM3 and VM4 exhibit enough divergence to support differences in site formation processes; 3) The interpretation of both VM4-I and VM4-II is more consistent with their characterisation as open-air sites in which multiple agents and depositional processes contributed to its formation, rather than with hyaena dens. Nevertheless, excavations are still in progress at VM4 and therefore any results and interpretations ought to be considered as provisional.
•VM3 has been interpreted as a hyaena den.•VM4 presents a more complex history than VM3.•VM4-II, is more consistent with an open-air site.•VM4 is not a carnivore den site.
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