Apple juice contains many phenolic compounds, including flavonols, flavanols, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and dihydrochalcones, with many reported health benefits. Patulin is the main toxic ...microbiological contaminant associated with apple products. In the present study, adsorption of phenolic compounds from apple juice concentrate onto polymeric resin was investigated with the goal of recovering antioxidant components. Simultaneous adsorption risk of the contaminant patulin with the phenolics was also evaluated. The adsorption kinetics was studied in batch experiments. Three kinetic models, Thomas, Adams–Bohart, and Yoon–Nelson, were applied to experimental data to predict dynamic behaviour of fixed bed column using nonlinear regression, and thus to determine the characteristic parameters that are useful for process design.
•Recovery of apple phenolics from apple juice concentrate was possible up to 70% yield via polymeric resin.•Patulin was adsorbed concurrently onto the resin with a 40% adsorption ratio.•Kinetic modelling confirmed the competitive adsorption behaviour of patulin with apple phenolics.
Background
Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), which degrades tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn), has been demonstrated to contribute to modulation of allergic responses. However, the role of IDO in ...food allergy has not yet been elucidated.
Methods
Serum Trp and Kyn concentrations were analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Expression of IDO gene was measured by real‐time PCR. The levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐10, and interferon (IFN)‐γ in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA.
Results
Kyn/Trp (IDO activity) was significantly lower in subjects with food allergy (n = 100) than in aged‐matched healthy controls (n = 112) (P = 0.004). Kyn/Trp was decreased from healthy through completely tolerant, partially tolerant, and reactive ones LN transformation (mean ± SEM) healthy: 3.9 ± 0.02 μM/mM; completely tolerant: 3.83 ± 0.04; partially tolerant: 3.8 ± 0.06; reactive: 3.7 ± 0.04 (P = 0.008). The frequency of genetic polymorphisms of IDO did not reveal a significant association with Trp, Kyn, and Kyn/Trp in healthy and food‐allergic cases. Culture of PBMC experiments yielded that IDO mRNA expression was not different between tolerant and reactive groups. IL‐4 synthesis when stimulated with casein increased significantly in subjects who are reactive and tolerant to foods (P = 0.042, P = 0.006, respectively). Increase in IL‐10 synthesis was observed only in children tolerant to milk, but not in reactive ones. IFN‐γ synthesis, when stimulated with IL‐2 and β‐lactoglobulin in cell culture, was significantly higher in subjects tolerant to milk than in the reactive ones (P = 0.005 and P = 0.029, respectively).
Conclusion
Our results imply the probability of involvement of IDO in development of tolerance process, and we presume that high IDO activity is associated with nonresponsiveness to food allergens despite allergen sensitization.
The object of this study was to investigate the physicochemical interactions between starch and cellulose ethers when they were blended to obtain biodegradable films. Fourier transform infrared ...spectroscopy results revealed the hydrogen bond formation between polymer chains and/or plasticizer molecules and hence good compatibility of the film constituents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that cellulose ethers could be used to increase the strength and stiffness of the starch films due to their improvement on crystallinity. Simultaneous evaluation of XRD and optical microscopy results revealed that methylcellulose films had three-dimensional ordered crystalline structure and starch and carboxymethylcellulose films showed randomly distributed small crystallites and amorphous regions.
It is critical to determine the importance of laboratory tests on the mortality of Covid-19 disease. Our aim is to search the effect of D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, and lymphocyte ...count in the algorithm organized by our Ministry of Health in the diagnosis and treatment of Covid-19 on mortality.
Two hundred forty-five patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of Covid-19 pneumonia between March 15, 2020, and May 15, 2020. CRP, D-dimer, ferritin, and lymphocyte count included in the algorithm of the Ministry of Health. The relationship between demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the patients and their thirty-day mortality was examined.
A statistically significant difference was only found in coronary artery disease between the mortality rates and underlying diseases of the patients included in the study. When the diagnostic contribution of laboratory values to the mortality estimation was evaluated, the areas under the curve were the highest for CRP 0.782 (95% Cl 0.68 - 0.88), ferritin 0.740 (95% Cl 0.60 - 0.88), and D-dimer 0.738 (95% Cl 0.58 - 0.89).
An increased serum CRP, D-dimer, ferritin levels, and low lymphocyte count as shown by Turkish Ministry of Health in Turkey are significant predictors of COVID-19 mortality.
Coverage mapping is very important to install high quality, reliable and time-efficient communication systems. In order to work properly, the threshold electric field strength and/or power have to be ...provided For high quality service, reliable and time-efficient systems direct, reflected, diffracted and refracted rays have to be determined and total electric field resulted from these rays calculated. In this paper, direct and reflected rays from lossy and lossless surfaces are determined by a program developed and some simulation results are given carried on developed program and FEKO software.
Background
The importance of serum basal tryptase (sBT) levels on patients with venom allergy is highlighted in recent adulthood studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sBT levels of ...venom‐allergic children with varying severity of clinical reactions. We also aimed to document the association between sBT levels and severe systemic reactions (SR).
Methods
Serum basal tryptase levels were estimated by UniCAP (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Uppsala, Sweden). Children who suffered from large local reaction (LLR) or SR after insect stings were included along with healthy control subjects without a history of any local or SR after insect stings.
Results
A total of 128 children (55 with SR, 18 with LLR, and 55 age and sex‐matched control subjects) with a median age of 8.9 years (range 3.2–17.4) were enrolled. Severe SR was encountered in 24 (44%) patients with SRs. The median level of sBT in children with SRs (median, interquartile range) 4.2 μg/l (3.6–4.9) was significantly higher than in children with LLRs 3.1 μg/l (2.5–4.0) and healthy control subjects 2.9 μg/l (2.3–3.4) (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed sBT ≥ 4.8 μg/l as a significant risk factor for severe SR (5.7 1.5–21.4; P = 0.01) in children with venom allergy.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that sBT levels are associated with a higher risk of severe SR in children with insect venom hypersensitivity. Determination of sBT levels may help clinicians to identify patients under risk of severe SRs and optimal and timely use of therapeutic interventions in children with venom allergy.
The effect of addition of six fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, myristic, oleic, palmitoleic, and myristoleic acid) on the gelatinization, glass transition, and retrogradation properties of corn starch ...as well as their complexing abilities with amylose were determined. Differential scanning calorimeter studies reflected that addition of fatty acids caused a 73–89% decrease in the gelatinization enthalpy compared to that of the native starch. Besides amylose-lipid formation, exotherm was determined at the same temperature range with the gelatinization endotherm. As a result, it was suggested that fatty acids complexed with amylose during gelatinization. Fatty acid addition significantly increased the glass transition temperature of starch gel. This was attributed to two reasons: the first is due to the physical cross-linking action of amylose–lipid complexes in starch-water system; the second may be due to the effect of uncomplexed fatty acids on water distribution in the gel structure as a result of their amphiphilic character. Thermal properties of amylose-lipid complexes were compared in order to determine the effect of fatty acid properties. It was found that the shorter chain length and unsaturation favored the complex formation but the complexes formed by longer and saturated fatty acids were more heat stable. Addition of fatty acids resulted in 73–90% and 47–71% reduction in the retrogradation enthalpy compared to native starch gels at 5°C and 21°C, respectively. The reduction in the retrogradation enthalpy was inversely related to the amylose-lipid complexing abilities of the fatty acids and it might be explained by the hindrance effect of uncomplexed fatty acids to the water distribution in the starch gel matrix.
► Film forming properties of starch can be improved by incorporation of cellulose ethers. ► Depending on plasticizer type, either single or dual glass transitions were observed. ► Mechanical ...properties of starch film were significantly improved.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose on the thermal, mechanical and water adsorption properties of starch-based films plasticized with glycerol or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Mechanical tests showed that as the methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose proportion increased, starch films became more resistant to break, resulting in higher TS values. Besides there has been a positive effect on the elasticity of starch films realized by a considerable increase in E% values. Depending on the plasticizer type, either single or dual glass transitions were seen in DSC thermograms. One glass transition temperature was observed for films plasticized with glycerol, on the contrary, dual glass transitions were detected for PEG plasticized films. This behavior was attributed to the phase separation of the PEG. In addition, the presence of an endothermic peak in the thermograms of PEG plasticized films was taken as another indicator of the phase separation. As a result, it was suggested that PEG was not as compatible as glycerol with the composite polysaccharide matrix and plasticizer type was the main factor that shaped the thermal profiles of the film samples. Water adsorption isotherm data showed that samples displayed nonlinear sorption profile which is typical for hydrophilic films. In all films tested, equilibrium moisture contents, increased almost linearly up to a aw of 0.65–0.85, beyond where a sharp increase was noted. Adsorption data was adequately fitted by BET and GAB models. Eventually, it can be concluded that film forming properties of starch can be improved by incorporation of methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose to the polymer matrix.
High‐resolution CFD results, supplemented by extensive experimental validation, are presented for Newtonian laminar flow fields in a stirred tank equipped with three Rushton turbines. Flow fields are ...computed using the ORCA software suite for Reynolds numbers ranging from 20 to 200 with an unstructured tetrahedral mesh containing roughly 2 million tetrahedra. Each of the flow solutions takes less than 8 h to converge when running in parallel on eight desktop workstations. Excellent agreement is obtained between computed velocity fields and planar velocity vectors obtained using particle image velocimetry. Planar laser‐induced fluorescence was used to expose persistent poor‐mixing regions, in excellent agreement with numerical results. The computational results used illustrate strong flow compartmentalization and significant spatial heterogeneity with respect to local deformation rates within the vessel.
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