This paper is addressed to recent theoretical discussions of the Anthropocene, in particular Bernard Stiegler’s
Neganthropocene
(Open Universities Press, 2018), which argues: “As we drift past ...tipping points that put future biota at risk, while a post-truth regime institutes the denial of ‘climate change’ (as fake news), and as Silicon Valley assistants snatch decision and memory, and as gene-editing and a financially-engineered bifurcation advances over the rising hum of extinction events and the innumerable toxins and conceptual opiates that Anthropocene Talk fascinated itself with—in short, as ‘the Anthropocene’ discloses itself as a dead-end trap…”. The objective of this paper is therefore twofold: (1) to discuss how the Anthropocene is appropriated to certain ideological discourses (paradoxically) to maintain the hegemony of precisely those systems of production that have most accelerated climate change etc.; (2) to consider how the factography of the Anthropocene is exploited in this process to mask the ideological character of industry-aligned “technocratic” environmental management. The paper is not concerned with specific case studies in terms of government and industry policy, or climate science, but rather with the ways in which the discourse of the Anthropocene has been inflected within the humanities and the broader cultural field—that is to say, ideologically, as a system or logic of meaning. How the Anthropocene “means” is, in this respect, a question of some importance. This paper does not attempt to address all the facets of this question, but focuses upon a central “apocalyptic” strain in the discourse of the Anthropocene drawn particularly from Francis Fukuyama’s millennial posthumanism and centred in the question of “sustainability” as catastrophe management—with the risk that real environmental degradation will become an alibi for a revived neoliberalism. In other words, that the critical Earth system transformations that characterise the Anthropocene are themselves commodities, and that the project of their amelioration is in process of defining a future (opportunistic) “crisis” rhetoric with a global political franchise. The ideological import of the Anthropocene stems precisely from the fact that it is planetary and, while catalysed by human agency, independent in its specific behaviour from it. The Anthropocene objectively presents as the contemporary counterpart of the Cold War doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction and the most compelling argument for a new kind of technological “arms race.” But it also presents as the condition of an emerging ideological discourse which will determine how this race is run. From the discourse on “energy security” to the widespread “security crackdown” on environmental activists across the so-called developed & developing world, the Anthropocene has come to represent the co-option of a scientific factography for the thinly disguised resurgence of “ideological science” of the Fukuyamaesque variety (post-history, post-human). For Fukuyama, the true meaning of “posthuman” is thus the accomplishment of humanity’s historical mission. As the “End of History” designates an end of ideological struggle, so too the dénouement of the Anthropocene and the “ends of man” represent the accomplished purpose of species warfare: dominion, not simply over the world, but over all possible worlds. According to this narrative, science—like technology—must be uniquely at the service of the maintenance of the global order, organised around a universal appeal to “crisis management.” It is precisely for this reason that what calls itself post-human masks the return of an ever-more-apocalyptic Humanism.
This paper is addressed to recent theoretical discussions of the Anthropocene, in particular Bernard Stiegler’s
Neganthropocene
(Open Universities Press,
2018
), which argues: “As we drift past ...tipping points that put future biota at risk, while a posttruth regime institutes the denial of ‘climate change’ (as fake news), and as Silicon Valley assistants snatch decision and memory, and as gene-editing and a financially engineered bifurcation advances over the rising hum of extinction events and the innumerable toxins and conceptual opiates that Anthropocene Talk fascinated itself with—in short, as ‘the Anthropocene’ discloses itself as a dead-end trap…”. The objective of this paper is, therefore, twofold: (1) to discuss how the Anthropocene is appropriated to certain ideological discourses (paradoxically) to maintain the hegemony of precisely those systems of production that have most accelerated climate change etc. and (2) to consider how the factography of the Anthropocene is exploited in this process to mask the ideological character of industry-aligned “technocratic” environmental management. The paper is not concerned with specific case studies in terms of government and industry policy, or climate science, but rather with the ways in which the discourse of the Anthropocene has been inflected within the humanities and the broader cultural field—that is to say, ideologically, as a system or logic of meaning. How the Anthropocene “means” is, in this respect, a question of some importance. This paper does not attempt to address all the facets of this question, but focuses upon a central “apocalyptic” strain in the discourse of the Anthropocene drawn particularly from Francis Fukuyama’s millennial posthumanism and centred in the question of “sustainability” as catastrophe management—with the risk that real environmental degradation will become an alibi for a revived neoliberalism. In other words, the critical Earth system transformations that characterise the Anthropocene are themselves commodities, and that the project of their amelioration is in process of defining a future (opportunistic) “crisis” rhetoric with a global political franchise. The ideological import of the Anthropocene stems precisely from the fact that it is planetary and, while catalysed by human agency, independent in its specific behaviour from it. The Anthropocene objectively presents as the contemporary counterpart of the Cold War doctrine of mutually assured destruction and the most compelling argument for a new kind of technological “arms race”. However, it also presents as the condition of an emerging ideological discourse which will determine how this race is run. From the discourse on “energy security” to the widespread “security crackdown” on environmental activists across the socalled developed and developing world, the Anthropocene has come to represent the co-option of a scientific factography for the thinly disguised resurgence of “ideological science” of the Fukuyamaesque variety (posthistory, posthuman). For Fukuyama, the true meaning of “posthuman” is thus the accomplishment of humanity’s historical mission. As the “End of History” designates an end of ideological struggle, so too, the dénouement of the Anthropocene and the “ends of man” represents the accomplished purpose of species warfare: dominion, not simply over the world, but over all possible worlds. According to this narrative, science—like technology—must be uniquely at the service of the maintenance of the global order, organised around a universal appeal to “crisis management”. It is precisely for this reason that what calls itself posthuman masks the return of an ever-more-apocalyptic Humanism.
Richard Ellmann's well-known assertion that “we are still learning to be James Joyce's contemporaries” carries with it a number of proscriptive implications for how we view the very possibility of a ...“writing after Joyce.” We see these refracted not only within the Joyce Industry, but in the persistent haunting of contemporary (experimental) literature by what we might call a modernist false-consciousness, which is to say the false-consciousness of what continues to speak in modernism's name, as the determination of a cultural present that is always somehow both in arrears and yet to come. This proscriptive false consciousness is the focal point of the après-Wakean writings of Iain Sinclair, in particular Downriver, and of Alan Moore's excavations of Lucia Joyce's “institutionalization” in his recent anti-novel Jerusalem. Echoing Derrida's critique in “Cogito and the History of Madness”—Sinclair and Moore draw together questions of anachronism, hauntology, recursivity, totality, and incest in the proto-cybernetic Joycean text, into a reconceptualising of post-literary writing practice in Joyce's wake. In doing so, their work treats the amalgam of texts in which the signifier of Joyce is thereby inscribed, as a machinic assemblage—autopoietic, incestuous, metamatic—in which a cybernetic consciousness constructs itself in a retrospective projection. Joyce's anachronistic ghost is not in the machine so much as the machine is in it, in an incestuous involution of signifying production and consumption defining of a cultural economy over which the one exercises a spectral hegemony that the other simultaneously deconstructs.
Neural control of tongue muscles plays a crucial role in a broad range of oropharyngeal behaviors. Tongue movements must be rapidly and accurately adjusted in response to the demands of multiple ...complex motor tasks including licking/mastication, swallowing, vocalization, breathing and protective reflexes such as coughing. Yet, central mechanisms responsible for motor and premotor control of hypoglossal (XII) activity during these behaviors are still largely unknown. The aim of this article is to review the functional organization of the XII motor nucleus with particular emphasis on breathing, coughing and swallowing. Anatomical localization of XII premotor neurons is also considered. We discuss results concerned with multifunctional activity of medullary and pontine populations of XII premotor neurons, representing a single network that can be reconfigured to produce different oromotor response patterns. In this context, we introduce new data on swallowing-related activity of XII (and trigeminal) motoneurons, and finally suggest a prominent role for the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in the control of inspiratory-related activity of XII motoneurons supplying tongue protrusor and retrusor muscles.
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