ABSTRACT
Cities throughout Europe are increasingly importing the concept and techniques of product branding for use within place marketing, in pursuit of wider urban management goals, especially ...within the new conditions created by European integration. However, there is as yet little consensus about the nature of city branding, let alone its role in public sector urban planning and management. This exploratory paper will first, use contemporary developments in marketing theory and practice to suggest how product branding can be transformed into city branding as a powerful image‐building strategy, with significant relevance to the contemporary city. Second, it will define city branding, as it is being currently understood by city administrators and critically examine its contemporary use so that a framework for an effective place branding strategy can be constructed.
Bringing together case studies from Ireland, the Netherlands, Canada, Germany and Mexico, this book examines the link between senses of place and senses of time. It suggests that not only do place ...identities change through time, but imagined pasts also provide resources which the present selects and packages for its own contemporary purposes and for forwarding to imagined futures. The reasons behind the creation of place image are also explored, setting them within political and social contexts. In its three main sections - Heritage in the Creation of Senses of Place; Heritage and Conflicting Identities; and Heritage and the Creation of Senses of Place - the book examines the creation of place identities at the urban, rural, regional and international scales. It questions how senses of place interact with senses of ethnic/cultural identity, what the roles of government, media, residents and tourists are in creating senses of place, and how and why all these variables change through time.
G.J Ashworth is Professor at the Faculty of Spatial Science, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Brian Graham is Professor at the School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, UK.
Contents: Introduction: Senses of place, senses of time and heritage. Creating Senses Of Place From Senses Of Time: Introduction to theme one, G.J. Ashworth and Brian Graham; Making places: a story of De Venen, Paulus P.P. Huigen and Louise Meijering; Commodification of regional identities: the 'selling' of Waterland, Carola Simon; 'That quintessential repository of collective memory': identity, locality and the townland in Northern Ireland, Bryonie Reid; Mapping meanings in the cultural landscape, Yvonne Whelan; Exploring the Irish mumming tradition with GIS, Amanda McMullan. The Public/Official Creation Of Place Identities: Introduction to theme two, G.J. Ashworth and Brian Graham; Irish regimental heritage: representations of identity and war in a climate of change, Kenneth J.S. Miller; A place called Nunavut: building on Inuit past, K.I.M. van Dam; Conflict commemoration amongst Protestants in Northern Ireland, Catherine Switzer; World heritage as a means of marking Mexican identity, Bart van der Aa. Insiders and Outsiders: Introduction to theme three, G.J. Ashworth and Brian Graham; Escaping times and places: an artist community in Germany, Bettina van Hoven, Louise Meijering and Paulus P.P. Huigen; Literature and the constitution of place identity: three examples from Belfast, Jonathan Stainer; Imagining Newfoundlands, G.J. Ashworth; Media production of rural identities, Peter Groote and Tialda Haartsen; The creation of identities by government designation: a case study of the Korreweg district, Groningen, Netherlands, M.J. Kuipers. Conclusions: The next questions, G.J. Ashworth and Brian Graham; Index.
The concept of heritage relates to the ways in which contemporary society uses the past as a social, political or economic resource. However, heritage is open to interpretation and its value may be ...perceived from differing perspectives - often reflecting divisions in society. Moreover, the schism between the cultural and economic uses of heritage also gives rise to potential conflicts of interest.
Examining these issues in depth, this book is the first sustained attempt to integrate the study of heritage into contemporary human geography. It is structured around three themes: the diversity of use and consumption of heritage as a multi-sold cultural and economic resource; the conflicts and tensions arising from this multiplicity of uses, producers and consumers; and the relationship between heritage and identity at a variety of scales.
Heritage is not objects or sites: it is a process and a consumable experience. It is a contemporary activity in which selected aspects of the imagined past are treated as potential resources for the ...construction of contemporary products for current consumption and for bequest to an imagined future. Heritage is thus created to serve many contemporary uses, both individual and collective, and has become endowed with many expectations in both the private and public realms. Heritage is used as an instrument in collective policies especially for social cohesion and political legitimation. However, heritage also has economic uses. It is directly used as a resource in many commercial heritage industries, in which aspects of a commodified past are selected and packaged into heritage products for sale on various contemporary markets. It is also indirectly used in the construction of high amenity environments and externally promoted place images, in support of economic goals that are often not directly concerned with pasts. The argument here goes further than just the recognition that heritage has been endowed with economic uses alongside and possibly in competition with the cultural, social and political. It is argued here that the heritage process, for whatever reason it is attempted, has an economic dimension that is quite basic to the activity. First the terms will be defined and the many development uses of heritage outlined. Then the assumptions of a harmonious symbiosis of heritage with development will be examined, questioned, and to an extent reasserted.
Using heritage resources within local urban regeneration is rarely a simple matter of preserving some structures or relating some historical events and presuming that this will make some contribution ...to the contemporary objectives of regeneration. Buildings, spaces and historic narratives are not in themselves heritage but they can become it. This paper examines a single case seeking answers to the question, 'how does heritage happen?' and specifically explores the variety of ways in which built environmental forms in particular can be treated in order to use heritage to achieve contemporary regeneration objectives.
The position of Amsterdam as an international centre of business, culture and tourism has recently been threatened by increasingly fierce inter-urban competition. The desire to improve Amsterdam’s ...attractiveness to local and international audiences, and to retune the city’s international image, has led to a fundamental strategic marketing exercise involving a far-reaching examination of stakeholders, goals and competitive positioning. This article discusses this new approach towards marketing in the city, critically evaluating the marketing effort of Amsterdam in an attempt to further understanding of the application of marketing to cities. The article includes an assessment of the reasoning behind the various actions and a comparison with theoretical suggestions.
This study examined the hypothesis that responses of Scottish Blackface (BF, a hill breed) and Suffolk (SUF, a lowland breed) ewes to undernutrition between d 1 and 90 of pregnancy would differ. Over ...2 consecutive breeding seasons, ewes (4 pens/treatment; 15 to 20 ewes/pen) were artificially inseminated and from d 1 to 90 after AI allocated to 0.75 (restricted; RES) or 1.0 (control; CON) energy requirements for ewe maintenance and fetal growth. From d 90 to term, all ewes were allocated feed to meet requirements for stage of pregnancy and expected litter size. On d 90, RES ewes had lighter BW (P = 0.001) and smaller BCS (P = 0.019) than CON ewes. Plasma NEFA concentrations were greater in RES than CON ewes (P = 0.048) at d 60 of pregnancy. Pregnancy length was longer for RES than CON ewes (P = 0.003). Lambs from SUF-RES ewes had lighter birth weights than SUF-CON lambs, but BF-RES lamb birth weights were not different from BF-CON lambs (interaction, P = 0.066). However, maternal undernutrition did not affect BW at weaning (P > 0.45). Between birth and 3 d of age, BF lambs maintained greater body temperatures (P < 0.001) and plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3, P < 0.001) and thyroxine (P < 0.001) than SUF lambs. Lambs from RES ewes had greater concentrations of T3 (P = 0.026) than CON lambs, whereas these differences were greater between BF-RES and BF-CON lambs than between SUF-RES and SUF-CON lambs (interaction, P = 0.028). Maternal undernutrition did not affect lamb rectal temperature (P > 0.27). In yr 1 only, fewer lambs (P = 0.022) were reared to weaning by RES than CON ewes. Similarly, in yr 1 only, other strongyle fecal egg counts at weaning were greater in SUF-RES lambs than SUF-CON, BF-CON, or BF-RES lambs (interaction, P = 0.099). This experiment showed that lambs of a breed selected for lean tissue growth and normally maintained in a lowland environment were more affected by maternal undernutrition between d 1 and 90 of pregnancy than lambs of a hill breed managed in a more adverse environment.
Trunk diseases are factors that limit sustainability of vineyards worldwide. Botryosphaeria and Eutypa diebacks are caused by several fungi belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae and Diatrypaceae, ...respectively, with Diplodia seriata and Eutypa lata being two of the most common species. Previous information indicated that the traditional isolation method used to detect these pathogens from plant samples could underestimate their incidence levels. In the present study, we designed two sets of primers that target the β-tubulin gene and that are amenable for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) Sybr-Green assays for the detection and quantification of D. seriata-complex (DseCQF/R) and E. lata (ElQF/R) DNA. The design of a species-specific assay was achieved for E. lata. For D. seriata, a species-specific assay could not be designed. The low interspecific diversity across β-tubulin genes resulted in an assay that could not discriminate D. seriata from some closely related species either not yet reported or presenting a low prevalence on grapevine, such as D. intermedia. We validated our technique on grapevine spur samples naturally and artificially infected with D. seriata and E. lata during the dormant season. Experimental grapevines were located in two counties of northern California where the incidence of both pathogens was previously reported. The qPCR assays revealed that a high frequency of pruning wound infections (65%) was achieved naturally by E. lata, while low infection frequency (less than 5%) was observed using the reisolation method. For D. seriata-complex, low (5%) to no natural infection frequencies were observed by the qPCR and the reisolation method, respectively. These results also provided evidence that our qPCR detection methods were more sensitive to assess the incidence of E. lata and D. seriata-complex in plant samples, than traditional isolation techniques. Benefits of molecular methods for the detection of canker pathogens in the field under natural conditions are discussed.
Apert syndrome is a distinctive human malformation comprising craniosynostosis and severe syndactyly of the hands and feet. We have identified specific missense substitutions involving adjacent amino ...acids (Ser252Trp and Pro253Arg) in the linker between the second and third extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in all 40 unrelated cases of Apert syndrome studied. Crouzon syndrome, characterized by craniosynostosis but normal limbs, was previously shown to result from allelic mutations of the third Ig domain of FGFR2. The contrasting effects of these mutations provide a genetic resource for dissecting the complex effects of signal transduction through FGFRs in cranial and limb morphogenesis.
It is almost 20 years since the idea of dark tourism was introduced into tourism studies, which was still predominantly viewed as a fun-based activity with a potential for a beneficent cross-cultural ...understanding. The suggestion that it could have dark attributes was both novel and shocking. Once introduced, the idea offered new insights into the tourist experience. It promised to open up new connections with many facets of human sensation and behaviour and also an intellectual framework to assist the management of multi-used tourism sites. This paper will examine the promise of the idea as it evolved through the work of numerous scholars who developed and refined the concept and discovered new applications for it and will explain how the focus, which initially was to identify and catalogue dark sites, has shifted towards the motivation, subsequent experience and consequent behaviour of the tourist in relation to the sites.
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