Background Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) are at high risk for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). Nonetheless, pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis is often delayed out of concern ...for precipitating extension of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of early vs late VTE prophylaxis in patients with sTBI, and to characterize the risk of subsequent ICH-related complication. Study Design Adults with isolated sTBI (head Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥3 and total Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8) who received VTE prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight or unfractionated heparin were derived from the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2012 to 2014). Patients were divided into EP (<72 hours) or LP (≥72 hours) groups. Propensity score matching was used to minimize selection bias. The primary end point was VTE (pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis). Secondary outcomes were defined as late neurosurgical intervention (≥72 hours) or death. Results We identified 3,634 patients with sTBI. Early prophylaxis was given in 43% of patients. Higher head injury severity, presence of ICH, and early neurosurgery were associated with late prophylaxis. Propensity score matching yielded a well-balanced cohort of 2,468 patients. Early prophylaxis was associated with lower rates of both pulmonary embolism (odds ratio = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25–0.91) and deep vein thrombosis (odds ratio = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.36–0.72), but no increase in risk of late neurosurgical intervention or death. Conclusions In this observational study of patients with sTBI, early initiation of VTE prophylaxis was associated with decreased risk of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, but no increase in risk of late neurosurgical intervention or death. Early prophylaxis may be safe and should be the goal for each patient in the context of appropriate risk stratification.
We use a 3-D global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to interpret aircraft observations of nitrate and sulfate partitioning in transpacific dust plumes during the INTEX-B campaign of April–May ...2006. The model includes explicit transport of size-resolved mineral dust and its alkalinity, nitrate, and sulfate content. The observations show that particulate nitrate is primarily associated with dust, sulfate is primarily associated with ammonium, and Asian dust remains alkaline across the Pacific. This can be reproduced in the model by using a reactive uptake coefficient for HNO3 on dust (γ(HNO3) ~10−3) much lower than commonly assumed in models and possibly reflecting limitation of uptake by dust dissolution. The model overestimates gas-phase HNO3 by a factor of 2–3, typical of previous model studies; we show that this cannot be corrected by uptake on dust. We find that the fraction of aerosol nitrate on dust in the model increases from ~30% in fresh Asian outflow to 80–90% over the Northeast Pacific, reflecting in part the volatilization of ammonium nitrate and the resulting transfer of nitrate to the dust. Consumption of dust alkalinity by uptake of acid gases in the model is slow relative to the lifetime of dust against deposition, so that dust does not acidify (at least not in the bulk). This limits the potential for dust iron released by acidification to become bio-available upon dust deposition. Observations in INTEX-B show no detectable ozone depletion in Asian dust plumes, consistent with the model. Uptake of HNO3 by dust, suppressing its recycling to NOx, reduces Asian pollution influence on US surface ozone in the model by 10–15% or up to 1 ppb.
Abstract The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) has a portfolio of questionnaire modules to supplement the QLQ-C30 to assess patient reported outcomes in cancer ...clinical trials. This study updated the module for colorectal cancer. A review of the literature identified 20 articles that used the EORTC colorectal module. Eight papers did not report data from scales addressing sexual function and 8 added additional scales to assess ano-rectal function. Interviews with patients ( n = 79) and professionals ( n = 11) informed item selection, reduction and modification. A new 29 item module was devised and further patient interviews ( n = 120) examined its format and content validity. Patients found the new module acceptable with relevant content. The new module, the EORTC QLQ-CR29, is hypothesised as containing 6 scales and 11 single items. An international study examining its clinical and psychometric validity will be performed.
Electrical detection of topological magnetic textures such as skyrmions is currently limited to conducting materials. Although magnetic insulators offer key advantages for skyrmion technologies with ...high speed and low loss, they have not yet been explored electrically. Here, we report a prominent topological Hall effect in Pt/Tm3Fe5O12 bilayers, where the pristine Tm3Fe5O12 epitaxial films down to 1.25 unit cell thickness allow for tuning of topological Hall stability over a broad range from 200 to 465 K through atomic-scale thickness control. Although Tm3Fe5O12 is insulating, we demonstrate the detection of topological magnetic textures through a novel phenomenon: “spin-Hall topological Hall effect” (SH-THE), where the interfacial spin–orbit torques allow spin-Hall-effect generated spins in Pt to experience the unique topology of the underlying skyrmions in Tm3Fe5O12. This novel electrical detection phenomenon paves a new path for utilizing a large family of magnetic insulators in future skyrmion technologies.
Removal of atmospheric ethanol by wet deposition Felix, J. David; Willey, Joan D.; Thomas, Rachel K. ...
Global biogeochemical cycles,
February 2017, 2017-02-00, 20170201, Letnik:
31, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The global wet deposition flux of ethanol is estimated to be 2.4 ± 1.6 Tg/yr with a conservative range of 0.2–4.6 Tg/yr based upon analyses of 219 wet deposition samples collected at 12 locations ...globally. This estimate calculated by using observed wet deposition ethanol concentrations is in agreement with previous models (1.4–5 Tg/yr) predicting the wet deposition sink using Henry's law coefficients and atmospheric ethanol concentrations. Wet deposition is estimated to remove between 6 and 17% of the total ethanol emitted to the atmosphere on an annual basis. The concentration of ethanol in marine rain (25 ± 6 nM) is an order of magnitude less than in the majority of terrestrial rains (345 ± 280 nM). Terrestrial rain samples collected in locations impacted by high local sources of biofuel usage and locations downwind from ethanol distilleries were an order of magnitude higher in ethanol concentration (3090 ± 448 nM) compared to rain collected in terrestrial locations not impacted by these sources. These results indicate that wet deposition of ethanol is heavily influenced by local sources. Results of this study are important because they suggest that as biofuel production and usage increase, the concentration of ethanol in the atmosphere will increase as well the wet deposition flux. Additional research constraining the sources, sinks, and atmospheric impacts of ethanol is necessary to better assist in the debate as whether or not to increase consumption of the alcohol as a biofuel.
Key Points
First global wet depositional flux of ethanol using observed wet deposition ethanol concentrations
Results indicate that wet deposition of ethanol is heavily influenced by local sources
Concentration of ethanol in marine rain is an order of magnitude less than in the majority of terrestrial rains
The GPX1, GPX2, andGPX3 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiaehave been reported previously to encode glutathione peroxidases (GPxs). We re-examined the sequence alignments of these proteins with GPxs ...from higher eukaryotes. Sequence identities, particularly with phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidases (PHGPxs), were enhanced markedly by introduction to the yeast sequences of gaps that are characteristic of PHGPxs. PHGPx-like activity was detectable in extracts from wild-type S. cerevisiae and was diminished in extracts from gpx1Δ, gpx2Δ, andgpx3Δ deletion mutants; PHGPx activity was almost absent in a gpx1Δ/gpx2Δ/gpx3Δ triple mutant. Studies with cloned GPX1, GPX2, andGPX3 expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli confirmed that these genes encode proteins with PHGPx activity. An S. cerevisiae gpx1Δ/gpx2Δ/gpx3Δ mutant was defective for growth in medium supplemented with the oxidation-sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acid linolenate (18:3). This sensitivity to 18:3 was more marked than sensitivity to H2O2. Unlike H2O2 toxicity, delayed toxicity of 18:3 towardgpx1Δ/gpx2Δ/gpx3Δ cells was correlated with the gradual incorporation of 18:3 into S. cerevisiae membrane lipids and was suppressible with α-tocopherol, an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. The results show that the GPX genes of S. cerevisiae, previously reported to encode GPxs, encode PHGPxs (PHGPx1, PHGPx2, and PHGPx3) and that these enzymes protect yeast against phospholipid hydroperoxides as well as nonphospholipid peroxides during oxidative stress. This is the first report of an organism that expresses PHGPx from more than one gene and produces PHGPx in the absence of a GPx.
The Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite
Observations (CALIPSO) mission released version 4.00 of their lidar level 1
data set in April of 2014, and subsequently updated this to ...version 4.10 in
November of 2016. The primary difference in the newly released version 4
(V4) data is a suite of updated calibration coefficients calculated using
substantially revised calibration algorithms. This paper describes the
revisions to the V4 daytime calibration procedure for the 532 nm parallel
channel. As in earlier releases, the V4 daytime calibration coefficients are
derived by scaling the raw daytime signals to the calibrated nighttime
signals acquired within a calibration transfer region, and thus the new V4
daytime calibration benefits from improvements made to the V4 532 nm
nighttime calibration. The V4 calibration transfer region has been moved
upward from the upper troposphere to the more stable lower stratosphere. The
identification of clear-air columns by an iterative thresholding scheme,
crucial to selecting the observation regions used for calibration, now uses
uncalibrated 1064 nm data rather than recursively using the calibrated 532 nm data, as was done in version 3 (V3). A detailed account of the rationale
and methodology for this new calibration approach is provided, along with
results demonstrating the improvement of this calibration over the previous
version. Extensive validation data acquired by NASA's airborne high spectral
resolution lidar (HSRL) shows that during the daytime the average difference
between collocated CALIPSO and HSRL measurements of 532 nm attenuated
backscatter coefficients is reduced from 3.3 %±3.1 % in V3 to
1.0 %±3.5 % in V4.
Data products from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on board Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) were recently updated following ...the implementation of new (version 4) calibration algorithms for all of the level 1 attenuated backscatter measurements. In this work we present the motivation for and the implementation of the version 4 nighttime 532 nm parallel channel calibration. The nighttime 532 nm calibration is the most fundamental calibration of CALIOP data, since all of CALIOP’s other radiometric calibration procedures – i.e., the 532 nm daytime calibration and the 1064 nm calibrations during both nighttime and daytime – depend either directly or indirectly on the 532 nm nighttime calibration. The accuracy of the 532 nm nighttime calibration has been significantly improved by raising the molecular normalization altitude from 30-34 km to 36-39 km to substantially reduce stratospheric aerosol contamination. Due to the greatly reduced molecular number density and consequently reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at these higher altitudes, the signal is now averaged over a larger number of samples using data from multiple adjacent granules. As well, an enhanced strategy for filtering the radiation-induced noise from high energy particles was adopted. Further, the meteorological model used in the earlier versions has been replaced by the improved MERRA-2 model. An aerosol scattering ratio of 1.01 ± 0.01 is now explicitly used for the calibration altitude. These modifications lead to globally revised calibration coefficients which are, on average, 2-3% lower than in previous data releases. Further, the new calibration procedure is shown to eliminate biases at high altitudes that were present in earlier versions and consequently leads to an improved representation of stratospheric aerosols. Validation results using airborne lidar measurements are also presented. Biases relative to collocated measurements acquired by the Langley Research Center (LaRC) airborne high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) are reduced from 3.6% ± 2.2% in the version 3 data set to 1.6% ± 2.4 % in the version 4 release.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among Chinese females despite the low smoking prevalence among this population. This study assessed the roles of reproductive factors in lung ...cancer development among Chinese female never-smokers.
The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) recruited over 0.5 million Chinese adults (0.3 million females) from 10 geographical areas in China in 2004-2008 when information on socio-demographic/lifestyle/environmental factors, physical measurements, medical history, and reproductive history collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of lung cancer by reproductive factors. Subgroup analyses by menopausal status, birth year, and geographical region were performed.
During a median follow-up of 11 years, 2,284 incident lung cancers occurred among 282,558 female never-smokers. Ever oral contraceptive use was associated with a higher risk of lung cancer (HR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33) with a significant increasing trend associated with longer duration of use (p-trend = 0.03). Longer average breastfeeding duration per child was associated with a decreased risk (0.86, 0.78-0.95) for > 12 months compared with those who breastfed for 7-12 months. No statistically significant association was detected between other reproductive factors and lung cancer risk.
Oral contraceptive use was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in Chinese female never-smokers. Further studies are needed to assess lung cancer risk related to different types of oral contraceptives in similar populations.
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