•Overnight delta decline is an important measure yet there is no standard method for computation.•Computing overnight delta decline using all NREM epochs minimizes vulnerability to missing ...data.•Insomnia patients display a slower rate in overnight delta decline compared to healthy controls.
To determine the best of commonly used methods for computing the rate of decline in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep EEG delta power overnight (Delta Decline) in terms of vulnerability to missing data and to evaluate whether this rate is slower in insomnia patients than healthy controls (HC).
Fifty-one insomnia patients and 53 HC underwent 6 nights of polysomnography. Four methods for estimating Delta Decline were compared (exponential and linear best-fit functions using NREM (1) episode mean, (2) peak, and (3) total delta power and (4) delta power for all available NREM epochs). The best method was applied to compare groups on linear and exponential rates of Delta Decline.
Best-fit models using all available NREM epochs were significantly less vulnerable to deviation due to missing data than other methods. Insomnia patients displayed significantly slower linear and exponential Delta Decline than HC.
Computing Delta Decline using all available NREM epochs was the best of the methods studied for minimizing the effects of missing data. Insomnia patients display slower Delta Decline, which is not explained by differences in total sleep time or wake after sleep onset.
This study supports using all available NREM epochs in Delta Decline computation and suggests a slower rate in insomnia.
Given considerable racial differences in voluntary turnover (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006, Table 28), the present study examined the influence of diversity climate perceptions on turnover ...intentions among managerial employees in a national retail organization. The authors hypothesized that pro‐diversity work climate perceptions would correlate most negatively with turnover intentions among Blacks, followed in order of strength by Hispanics and Whites (Hypothesis 1), and that organizational commitment would mediate these interactive effects of race and diversity climate perceptions on turnover intentions (Hypothesis 2). Results from a sample of 5,370 managers partially supported both hypotheses, as findings were strongest among Blacks. Contrary to the hypotheses, however, White men and women exhibited slightly stronger effects than Hispanic personnel.
Influenza virus causes a spectrum of illness in transplant recipients with a high rate of lower respiratory disease. Seasonal influenza vaccination is an important public health measure recommended ...for transplant recipients and their close contacts. Vaccine has been shown to be safe and generally well tolerated in both adult and pediatric transplant recipients. However, responses to vaccine are variable and are dependent on various factors including time from transplantation and specific immunosuppressive medication. Seasonal influenza vaccine has demonstrated safety and no conclusive evidence exists for a link between vaccination and allograft dysfunction. Annually updated trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines have been available and routinely used for several decades, although newer influenza vaccination formulations including high‐dose vaccine, adjuvanted vaccine, quadrivalent inactivated vaccine and vaccine by intradermal delivery system are now available or will be available in the near future. Safety and immunogenicity data of these new formulations in transplant recipients requires investigation. In this document, we review the current state of knowledge on influenza vaccines in transplant recipients and make recommendations on the use of vaccine in both adult and pediatric organ transplant recipients.
This article on influenza vaccination after organ transplantation discusses specific evidence‐based recommendations for immunization including timing, vaccine type, and the effect of immunosuppressive medication on vaccine response rates. See accompanying general guidelines from the CDC on page 2250.
A mixed-breed dog with a history of diabetes mellitus underwent surgical removal of multiple colonic adenocarcinomas. The dog acutely developed electrocardiographic changes compatible with ...hyperkalemia during manipulation of the tumors, which was confirmed and treated. Although it was not possible to confirm clinical tumor lysis syndrome in this dog, the hyperkalemia and resultant arrhythmia that occurred during tumor manipulation were suggestive of acute tumor lysis syndrome. Key clinical message: Hyperkalemia is a serious anesthetic and intraoperative complication that should be considered in dogs undergoing solid tumor resection due to the potential risk of developing acute tumor lysis syndrome. Diabetic patients may also be at increased risk of developing hyperkalemia. Both the potassium concentration and ECG should be routinely monitored during these procedures.
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by alcohol use coupled with chronic relapse and involves brain regions including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here, we explore whether a ...subpopulation of BNST neurons, somatostatin (SST) expressing GABAergic neurons, play a role in an animal model of binge-like alcohol consumption, the Drinking in the Dark (DID) model. Chemogenetic activation of BNST SST neurons reduced binge alcohol consumption in female but not male SST-Cre mice, while inhibition of these neurons in the same mice had no effect. In addition, chemogenetic activation of these neurons did not cause apparent changes in models of anxiety-like behavior in either sex. Basal SST cell counts and intrinsic excitability of SST neurons were compared to attempt to understand sex differences in DREADD-induced changes in drinking, and while males had a greater number of BNST SST neurons, this effect went away when normalizing for total BNST volume. Together, these results suggest SST neurons in the BNST should be further explored as a potential neuronal subtype modulated by AUD, and for their therapeutic potential.
•Chemogenetic activation of BNST SST neurons reduces binge drinking in female but not male mice.•Chemogenetic activation of these neurons has no effect on anxiety-like behavior in either sex.•Electrophysiology revealed no clear sex differences in intrinsic excitability BNST SST neurons between males and females.•Imaging revealed males had greater overall BNST SST cell numbers than females, but this effect could be explained by normalizing for total BNST volume.
•Maltreated children experience maltreatment recurrence in foster and adoptive homes.•American Indian children at increased risk for maltreatment recurrence.•American Indian children were more likely ...to report physical maltreatment recurrence.•American Indian children were more likely to report sexual maltreatment recurrence.•American Indian children were more likely to report spiritual maltreatment.
While maltreated children are at risk for recurrent maltreatment, less is known about the maltreatment recurrence of American Indian children in foster and adoptive homes.
This study examined the recurrent maltreatment of American Indian children in foster and adoptive homes, specifically the physical, emotional, sexual, and spiritual abuse subtypes, as well as poly-victimization of American Indian children in comparison to their White peers.
Data originated from the Experiences of Adopted and Fostered Individuals Project. The sample (n = 230) consisted of 99 American Indian and 131 White participants who experienced foster care and/or adoption during childhood.
Chi-square analyses and a t-test were used to test differences in maltreatment recurrence. Ordinary least squares regression analysis was used to examine the factors that contributed to poly-victimization.
Both American Indian and White participants reported high rates of emotional abuse. American Indian participants were particularly vulnerable to maltreatment recurrence in the forms of physical, sexual, and spiritual abuse, as well as poly-victimization in their foster and adoptive homes.
Our findings reflect high rates of maltreatment recurrence in foster care and adoption, which may be the result of retrospective self-report, rather than measures of rereport or substantiated recurrence.
Organisms that have repeatedly evolved similar morphologies owing to the same selective pressures provide excellent cases in which to examine specific morphological changes and their relevance to the ...ecology and evolution of taxa. Hosts of permanent parasites act as an independent evolutionary experiment, as parasites on these hosts are thought to be undergoing similar selective pressures. Parasitic feather lice have repeatedly diversified into convergent ecomorphs in different microhabitats on their avian hosts. We quantified specific morphological characters to determine (i) which traits are associated with each ecomorph, (ii) the quantitative differences between these ecomorphs, and (iii) if there is evidence of displacement among co-occurring lice as might be expected under louse-louse competition on the host. We used nano-computed tomography scan data of 89 specimens, belonging to four repeatedly evolved ecomorphs, to examine their mandibular muscle volume, limb length and three-dimensional head shape data. Here, we find evidence that lice repeatedly evolve similar morphologies as a mechanism to escape host defences, but also diverge into different ecomorphs related to the way they escape these defences. Lice that co-occur with other genera on a host exhibit greater morphological divergence, indicating a potential role of competition in evolutionary divergence.
Human adolescence is a period of development characterized by wide ranging emotions and behavioral risk taking, including binge drinking (Konrad et al., 2013). These behavioral manifestations of ...adolescence are complemented by growth in the neuroarchitecture of the brain, including synaptic pruning (Spear, 2013) and increases in overall white matter volume (Perrin et al., 2008). During this period of profound physiological maturation, the adolescent brain has a unique vulnerability to negative perturbations. Alcohol consumption and stress exposure, both of which are heightened during adolescence, can individually and synergistically alter these neurodevelopmental trajectories in positive and negative ways (conferring both resiliency and susceptibility) and influence already changing neurotransmitter systems and circuits. Importantly, the literature is rapidly changing and evolving in our understanding of basal sex differences in the brain, as well as the interaction between biological sex and life experiences. The animal literature provides the distinctive opportunity to explore sex-specific stress- and alcohol- induced changes in neurocircuits on a relatively rapid time scale. In addition, animal models allow for the investigation of individual neurons and signaling molecules otherwise inaccessible in the human brain. Here, we review the human and rodent literature with a focus on cortical development, neurotransmitters, peptides, and steroids, to characterize the field's current understanding of the interaction between adolescence, biological sex, and exposure to stress and alcohol.
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