Abstract In this article, endoscope analysis on peristaltic blood flow of Sisko fluid having Titanium magneto-nanoparticles through a uniform tube has been analyzed. The governing flow problem ...consists of continuity, linear momentum and thermal energy equations. The effect of magnetic field is also taken into account with the help of ohm's law. With the help of long wavelength and zero Reynolds number approximation, the governing equations are simplified. The reduced resulting nonlinear coupled equations are solved analytically with the help of Homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The impact of all the emerging parameters is discussed with the help of graphs for pressure rise, friction forces for outer and inner tube, velocity profile, temperature profile and pressure gradient. Moreover, numerical computation has been used to evaluate the expression for pressure rise and friction forces. Trapping phenomena is also presented with the help of streamlines. The present study depicts many interesting results that provide further study on different blood flow problems.
In this article, simultaneous effects of coagulation (blood clot) and variable magnetic field on peristaltically induced motion of non-Newtonian Jeffrey nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganism ...through an annulus have been studied. The effects of an endoscope also taken into consideration in our study as a special case. The governing flow problem is simplified by taking the approximation of long wavelength and creeping flow regime. The resulting highly coupled differential equations are solved analytically with the help of perturbation method and series solution have been presented up to second order approximation. The impact of all the sundry parameters is discussed for velocity profile, temperature profile, nanoparticle concentration profile, motile microorganism density profile, pressure rise and friction forces. Moreover, numerical integration is also used to evaluate the expressions for pressure rise and friction forces for outer tube and inner tube. It is found that velocity of a fluid diminishes near the walls due to the increment in the height of clot. However, the influence of magnetic field depicts opposite behavior near the walls.
•Coagulation and variable magnetic field effects are considered.•The fluid motion is considered as sinusoidal (peristaltic) in the presence of endoscopy.•The non-Newtonian fluid contains the nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganism.•Homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is used to obtain the series for the resulting nonlinear coupled differential equations.•Numerical integration is used to obtain the expression for pressure rise and friction forces.
Power Domain Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (PD-NOMA) is a potential technology for the next generation of cellular networks. Compared to classical orthogonal multiple access (OMA) techniques, ...PD-NOMA leverages the distinct channel gains of users for multiplexing different signals in a single resource block (time, frequency, code) in power domain. This results in higher spectral efficiency, improved user fairness, better cell-edge throughput, increased reliability and connectivity and low-latency. The flexible combination of PD-NOMA with existing and emerging technologies such as heterogeneous networks (HetNets), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), massive MIMO, cooperative communication, cognitive radios (CRs), millimeter wave communication, simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), visible light communication (VLC), mobile edge computing (MEC), intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), underwater communication etc., is expected to cause further enhancements in performance. Existing survey papers on NOMA mainly focus on its concept, comparison, issues and analysis without any categorization of different techniques to solve the issues related to it. This survey paper highlights the main issues and constraints of resource allocation, signaling, practical implementation and security aspects of NOMA and its integration with 5G and upcoming wireless technologies. Various solutions have been proposed in the literature that involve optimization, analytical, game theory, matching theory, graph theory and machine learning (ML) techniques. We present an in-depth analysis and comparison of these solutions with key insights emphasizing the feasibility and applicability for a qualitative analysis. We finally identify promising future research directions and challenges in the context of PD-NOMA’s application to the existing 5G and next generation wireless networks.
The present article deals with entropy analysis and mass transfer process on asymmetric peristaltic propulsion of nanofluid under convection and magnetic effects. The second law of thermodynamics is ...used to formulate the mathematical modeling. The Williamson fluid model is contemplated to examine nanofluid behavior in asymmetric conditions. The effects of viscous dissipation are also included with thermophoretic and Brownian motion body forces. An appropriate transformation is used to formulate the mathematical modeling, which leads to the resulting nonlinear coupled partial differential equations in the wave frame. To determine the solutions of the formulated differential equations, homotopy perturbation method is used. The significant outcomes are discussed for entropy, temperature, concentration, and, velocity profile in favor of all the leading parameters. The irreversible process is also discussed and calculated with the help of the Bejan number. The present analysis helps to examine the hemodynamics process and is also beneficial in polymer processing.
Highlights • Heat transfer analysis on peristaltic particle-fluid motion is proposed. • The effects of variable viscosity and clot blood is also considered. • Analytic solutions are obtained for ...fluid phase and particle phase. • The influence of clot enhances the pressure rise significantly. • Temperature profile increases due to greater effects of variable viscosity.
The current investigation scrutinized the incompressible steady flow with temperature-dependent viscosity of magnetohydrodynamics nanofluid through a vertically stretched porous sheet. The Reynolds ...exponential model is employed to formulate the mathematical modeling. The momentum equation is further devised utilizing the Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer model. Electrically conducting nanofluids encompass uniformly suspended nanoparticles in the viscous base fluid. The Buongiorno model is adopted that aspects the behavior of thermophoretic forces and Brownian motion. The momentum, mass conservative, energy, and nanoparticle concentration equations are defined with magnetic body force. The looming nonlinear coupled differential equations are resolved numerically by employing the spectral local linearization method (SLLM). The SLLM algorithm is straightforward to develop and apply, as it is based on a smooth univariant linearization of nonlinear functions. The numerical performance of SLLM is more impressive as it grows a set of equations; those are successively solved by operating the results from the one equation into the subsequent equation. To accelerate and improve the convergence for the SLLM scheme, the successive over relaxation scheme has been utilized. The accuracy of the SLLM will be confirmed through the known methods, and convergence analysis is also presented. Graphical conduct for all the emerging parameters across temperature, velocity, and concentration distributions, as well as the Nusselt number, skin friction, and Sherwood number, is presented and discussed in detail. A comparative study of the novel proposed technique along with the preceding explored literature is also granted. It is costly to affirm that the spectral local linearization scheme is uncovered to be much stable and adaptable to solve the nonlinear problems.
•An anti-tumor protein, p-53, is functionally inactivated in most tumors.•We have examined the effects of pharmacodynamic interaction between Nutlin-3a and aspirin in cancer patients.•The ...mathematical result shows that p-53 protein gets over-activated and starts suppressing other useful growth cells if a high dose of aspirin along with nutlin-3a is administered in a cancer patient.•In order to avoid any harmful effect of such interaction in the activation of p-53 protein, a low dose of aspirin should be administered along with nutlin-3a.
p53, an anti-tumour protein, is significantly inactivated in most tumours. A small molecule of nutlin-3a is used to activate its function by repressing (Mouse double minute 2 homolog) Mdm2 protein which inhibits its activity. In cancer patients, a high risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is observed owing to their multi-dosing prescriptions, which may lead them to harmful effects. In the presented work, we have aimed to investigate the effect of pharmacodynamical interaction between two anti-cancer drugs, nutlin-3a and aspirin in the activation of p53 protein.
We have adapted control system techniques and designed a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. This controller is used to activate p53 protein. A drug interaction parameter is used to incorporate the effect of both drugs. Extensive simulation is performed using two different doses of aspirin, i.e. a low and a high dose of aspirin.
The result shows no harmful effects of pharmacodynamical interaction when a low dose is administered along with nutlin-3a. When a high dose of aspirin is administered it acts as input disturbance and leads to undesirable over-expression of p53 protein. This can further harm other growth cells, thus inducing harmful effects. A comparative analysis is also tabulated with different dosing regimens which shows that a combination of nutlin-3a and a low dose of aspirin provides better results than a high dose of aspirin.
Overall, the work provides an insight to the activation of p53 protein in cancer patients under the presence of pharmacodynamical interaction and might contribute to the effective management of cancer patients.
Kawasaki disease is recognized as the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in the developed world. Clinical, epidemiologic, and pathologic evidence supports an infectious agent, ...likely entering through the lung. Pathologic studies proposing an acute coronary arteritis followed by healing fail to account for the complex vasculopathy and clinical course.
Specimens from 32 autopsies, 8 cardiac transplants, and an excised coronary aneurysm were studied by light (n=41) and transmission electron microscopy (n=7). Three characteristic vasculopathic processes were identified in coronary (CA) and non-coronary arteries: acute self-limited necrotizing arteritis (NA), subacute/chronic (SA/C) vasculitis, and luminal myofibroblastic proliferation (LMP). NA is a synchronous neutrophilic process of the endothelium, beginning and ending within the first two weeks of fever onset, and progressively destroying the wall into the adventitia causing saccular aneurysms, which can thrombose or rupture. SA/C vasculitis is an asynchronous process that can commence within the first two weeks onward, starting in the adventitia/perivascular tissue and variably inflaming/damaging the wall during progression to the lumen. Besides fusiform and saccular aneurysms that can thrombose, SA/C vasculitis likely causes the transition of medial and adventitial smooth muscle cells (SMC) into classic myofibroblasts, which combined with their matrix products and inflammation create progressive stenosing luminal lesions (SA/C-LMP). Remote LMP apparently results from circulating factors. Veins, pulmonary arteries, and aorta can develop subclinical SA/C vasculitis and SA/C-LMP, but not NA. The earliest death (day 10) had both CA SA/C vasculitis and SA/C-LMP, and an "eosinophilic-type" myocarditis.
NA is the only self-limiting process of the three, is responsible for the earliest morbidity/mortality, and is consistent with acute viral infection. SA/C vasculitis can begin as early as NA, but can occur/persist for months to years; LMP causes progressive arterial stenosis and thrombosis and is composed of unique SMC-derived pathologic myofibroblasts.
Dogs with epilepsy are among the commonest neurological patients in veterinary practice and therefore have historically attracted much attention with regard to definitions, clinical approach and ...management. A number of classification proposals for canine epilepsy have been published during the years reflecting always in parts the current proposals coming from the human epilepsy organisation the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). It has however not been possible to gain agreed consensus, "a common language", for the classification and terminology used between veterinary and human neurologists and neuroscientists, practitioners, neuropharmacologists and neuropathologists. This has led to an unfortunate situation where different veterinary publications and textbook chapters on epilepsy merely reflect individual author preferences with respect to terminology, which can be confusing to the readers and influence the definition and diagnosis of epilepsy in first line practice and research studies.In this document the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) discusses current understanding of canine epilepsy and presents our 2015 proposal for terminology and classification of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. We propose a classification system which reflects new thoughts from the human ILAE but also roots in former well accepted terminology. We think that this classification system can be used by all stakeholders.
The implications of the shear-free condition on the instability range of an anisotropic fluid in
f
(
R
,
T
) are studied in this manuscript. A viable
f
(
R
,
T
) model is chosen to arrive at ...stability criterion, where
R
is Ricci scalar and
T
is the trace of energy-momentum tensor. The evolution of a spherical star is explored by employing a perturbation scheme on the modified field equations and contracted Bianchi identities in
f
(
R
,
T
). The effect of the imposed shear-free condition on the collapse equation and adiabatic index
Γ
is studied in the Newtonian and post-Newtonian regimes.
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