ABSTRACT The warm-up is fundamental to optimize physical activity and exercise performance. However, little is known about the effect of warm-up in resistance training and strength performance. We ...performed a systematic review to synthesize and analyze the effects of different warm-up strategies in maximal and submaximal strength during resistance exercises. A search for studies was performed on four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect) for original research published between May 1973 and December 2019. Eleven articles were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies evaluated the effects of warm-up on maximal strength and the number of repetitions until failure. The results were not consensual regarding the use of general warm-up followed by a specific warm-up. Moreover, while some studies showed that specific warm-up did not lead to different results than without warm-up, others found that performing only the specific warm-up was the best way to obtain maximal strength performance. It seemed that the maximal strength and the number of repetitions could be positively affected when a specific warm-up is performed at loads close to the maximum. Further studies are needed to deepen the knowledge about the preparation procedures for optimizing resistance exercise performances.
The aim of this study was to improve the geometric fidelity and spatial resolution of multi-b diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate.
An accelerated segmented diffusion imaging ...sequence was developed and evaluated in 25 patients undergoing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the prostate. A reduced field of view was acquired using an endorectal coil. The number of sampled diffusion weightings, or b-factors, was increased to allow estimation of tissue perfusion based on the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model. Apparent diffusion coefficients measured with the proposed segmented method were compared with those obtained with conventional single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI).
Compared with single-shot EPI, the segmented method resulted in faster acquisition with 2-fold improvement in spatial resolution and a greater than 3-fold improvement in geometric fidelity. Apparent diffusion coefficient values measured with the novel sequence demonstrated excellent agreement with those obtained from the conventional scan (R = 0.91 for bmax = 500 s/mm and R = 0.89 for bmax = 1400 s/mm). The IVIM perfusion fraction was 4.0% ± 2.7% for normal peripheral zone, 6.6% ± 3.6% for normal transition zone, and 4.4% ± 2.9% for suspected tumor lesions.
The proposed accelerated segmented prostate diffusion imaging sequence achieved improvements in both spatial resolution and geometric fidelity, along with concurrent quantification of IVIM perfusion.
In the frame of a French monitoring program, tri- to deca- polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) have been measured in maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue, and breast milk samples, collected from 93 ...volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. The seven major tri- to heptaBDE (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were detected in adipose tissue and breast milk with cumulated median values of 2.59 and 2.51
ng
g
−1
l
w. Nine highly brominated octa- to decaBDE (BDE-196, 197, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208 and 209) was performed in the same samples, with cumulated median values of 2.73 and 3.39
ng
g
−1
l
w in adipose tissue and breast milk, respectively. At this opposite, median levels of octa- to decaBDE in maternal and cord serum appeared significantly higher than the levels of tri- to heptaBDE in the same matrices, i.e. 8.85 and 12.34
versus 0.98 and 0.69
ng
g
−1
l
w, respectively.
This study provides the first data at the French level regarding the occurrence of PBDE in human, and demonstrates the exposure of both human foetus at late stage of pregnancy and newborn at early stages of life through breastfeeding with special emphasis on the presence of highly brominated compounds.
Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main ...tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors.
Gout therapy includes xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI) and colchicine, which have both been associated with decreased cardiovascular risk. However, their effects on major cardiac events, such as ...myocardial infarction (MI), need to be investigated further.
To investigate whether XOIs and colchicine are associated with decreased risk of MI.
This case-control study compared patients with first-ever MI and matched controls. Cases were recruited from the Pharmacoepidemiological General Research on MI registry. Controls were selected from a referent population (n=8444) from general practice settings.
The study sample consisted of 2277 MI patients and 4849 matched controls. Use of allopurinol was reported by 3.1% of cases and 3.8 of controls, and 1.1% of cases and controls used colchicine. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for MI with allopurinol use was 0.80 (0.59 to 1.09). When using less stringent matching criteria that allowed for inclusion of 2593 cases and 5185 controls, the adjusted OR was 0.73 (0.54 to 0.99). Similar results were found on analysis by sex and hypertension status. Colchicine used was not associated with a decreased risk of MI (aOR=1.17 (0.70 to 1.93)).
Allopurinol may be associated with a reduced risk of MI. No decreased risk of MI was found in colchicine users. Besides its urate-lowering property, allopurinol might have a cardioprotective effect.
The Cretaceous section of the Parnaíba Basin, designated as Grajaú Basin, represents an intracontinental half-graben formed during the Early Cretaceous due to the separation between the South ...American and African continents during the final dispersal of Western Gondwana. Here, through a synergetic approach between fluid inclusion planes (FIPs), outcropping geologic structures, borehole breakouts and remote sensing data, we elucidate in different scales the main structural features and their kinematic indicators. Normal faults strike mainly NNE–SSW and WNW–ESE, while deformation bands and extension joints trend to NW–SE and NE–SW, and FIPs to NE–SW and WNW–ESE. In addition, normal fault-generated scarps border geomorphological units and constitute dense zones of deformation bands and fluidization. Microthermometric FIP analyses suggest this fracturing event occurred at shallow basin levels, at temperatures below 50°C. Furthermore, joints, bands and FIPs present mutually cross-cutting relationships, thus indicating contemporaneity. The numerical inversions applied to striated faults, non-striated faults, joints, deformation bands and FIPs suggest the occurrence of an extensional event characterized by variable direction of extension (σ3) trending from NW–SE to WNW–ESE or NE–SE to NNE-SSW. This event probably started in the Albian during the final Gondwana fragmentation stages. The quasi-perpendicular σ3 trend could be caused by one or all of the following phenomena: a) stress ratio R values obtained (<0.4) indicate the possibility of radial extension (σ2≈σ3), perhaps in response to the deformation partitioning due to kinematic simple-shearing constraints along the Equatorial Atlantic transform margin; b) along the WNW-oriented release normal faults, the local extension (NNE–SSW) switch positions in relation to the regional extension (WNW–ESE) by rotating 90°; c) influence of the pre-existing structures on the regional stress field. Thus, the spatial and temporal relationships between Cretaceous fault activity, stress field and the development of the geomorphological features in the Grajaú Basin contribute to understanding of the Brazilian Equatorial margin geodynamics.
•Stress history of the Brazil Equatorial margin is marked by space and time changes.•Grajaú Basin multidirectional extension dominated during Cretaceous times.•This deformation partitioning can influence the present-day stress patterns.
The use of quality indicators has been shown to improve injury care processes and outcomes. However, trauma quality indicators proposed to date exclusively target the underuse of recommended ...practices. Initiatives such as Choosing Wisely publish lists of practices to be questioned, but few apply to trauma care, and most have not successfully been translated to quality indicators.
To develop a set of evidence and patient-informed, consensus-based quality indicators targeting reductions in low-value clinical practices in acute, in-hospital trauma care.
This 2-round Research and Development/University of California at Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA) consensus study, conducted from April 20 to June 9, 2021, comprised an online questionnaire and a virtual workshop led by 2 independent moderators. Two panels of international experts from Canada, Australia, the US, and the UK, and local stakeholders from Québec, Canada, represented key clinical expertise involved in trauma care and included 3 patient partners.
Panelists were asked to rate 50 practices on a 7-point Likert scale according to 4 quality indicator criteria: importance, supporting evidence, actionability, and measurability.
Of 49 eligible experts approached, 46 (94%; 18 experts 39% aged ≥50 years; 37 men 80%) completed at least 1 round and 36 (73%) completed both rounds. Eleven quality indicators were selected overall, 2 more were selected by the international panel and a further 3 by the local stakeholder panel. Selected indicators targeted low-value clinical practices in the following aspects of trauma care: (1) initial diagnostic imaging (head, cervical spine, ankle, and pelvis), (2) repeated diagnostic imaging (posttransfer computed tomography CT and repeated head CT), (3) consultation (neurosurgical and spine), (4) surgery (penetrating neck injury), (5) blood product administration, (6) medication (antibiotic prophylaxis and late seizure prophylaxis), (7) trauma service admission (blunt abdominal trauma), (8) intensive care unit admission (mild complicated traumatic brain injury), and (9) routine blood work (minor orthopedic surgery).
In this consensus study, a set of consensus-based quality indicators were developed that were informed by the best available evidence and patient priorities, targeting low-value trauma care. Selected indicators represented a trauma-specific list of practices, the use of which should be questioned. Trauma quality programs in high-income countries may use these study results as a basis to select context-specific quality indicators to measure and reduce low-value care.
In the present study, a Poloxamer 407-based amphotericin B (AmpB)-containing polymeric micelles system (AmpB/M) was employed in the treatment of Leishmania amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. ...Initially, the in vitro antileishmanial activity (IC50 value) of AmpB/M and B-AmpB/M (empty micelles) against stationary promastigotes and amastigotes-like forms of the parasites was determined, and results were of 1.83 ± 0.4 and 22.1 ± 0.7 μM, respectively, for the promastigotes, and of 2.27 ± 0.5 and 33.98 ± 2.6 μM, respectively, for the amastigotes-like. The cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values of these products were also evaluated, and we found the results of 119.5 ± 9.6 and 134.7 ± 10.3 μM, respectively. With these values, the selectivity index (SI) was calculated and results were of 65.3 and 5.4, respectively, for the promastigotes, and of 59.3 and 3.96, respectively, for the amastigotes-like of the parasites. Free AmpB showed IC50 values of 1.2 ± 0.3 and 2.5 ± 0.5 μM for the promastigotes and amastigotes-like, respectively, whereas the CC50 value was of 9.5 ± 0.4 μM. The SI values of this drug were of 7.9 and 3.8, respectively, for the promastigote and amastigote-like stages of the parasites. After, animals were infected and received saline or were treated subcutaneously with free AmpB, AmpB/M or B-AmpB/M. In the results, free AmpB-treated and infected mice showed reductions in their body weight, which were associated with hepatic and renal damage; however, no organic alteration was observed in the AmpB/M-treated animals. In addition, these animals showed significant reductions in their lesion average size and in the parasite burden in all evaluated infected tissue and organs, when compared to the other groups; as well as significantly higher levels of antileishmanial IFN-γ, IL-12, GM-CSF and nitrite, which were associated with low production of IL-4, IL-10 and IgG1 isotype antibodies. In conclusion, this AmpB/M system could be considered as an alternative for future studies in the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis.
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•Poloxamer 407-based amphotericin B-containing micelles (AmpB/M) were developed.•AmpB/M showed satisfactory antileishmanial activity and selectivity index.•AmpB/M was also shown to be effective in treating Leishmania amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice.
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