Abstract
Carbon 1s excitation of methane, CH
4
, has been studied in the gas phase using the ion trap integrated with the photon–ion instrument at PETRA III/DESY and soft X-rays from the beamline ...P04. The created photoions are stored within the ion trap so that in further steps the photoions can undergo reactions with neutral methane molecules. The ionic photoproducts as well as reaction products created thereby are mass-over-charge analyzed by an ion time-of-flight spectrometer. Besides the photoions, product ions with up to three carbon atoms are found. In contrast to experiments using vacuum ultraviolet radiation, especially highly reactive product ions with a small number of hydrogen atoms such as
C
2
H
2
+
and
C
2
H
3
+
are found, which are important precursors for larger hydrocarbons such as C
6
H
6
. Possible production routes of the product ions are analyzed on the basis of a model that considers the probabilities for photofragmentation and the first subsequent chemical reaction step. The model indicates that the high degree of fragmentation by photons with energies around 280 eV is favoring these products. The results of the measurements show that the products like
C
2
H
2
+
and
C
2
H
3
+
can be generated by a single collision of the ionization product with neutral methane. The results suggest that soft X-rays might be important for chemical reactions in planetary atmospheres, which has usually not been taken into account. However, due to the high degree of fragmentation and large cross sections involved, they can have a large influence even when the corresponding photon flux is rather small.
Prof. Baev presents in his book the development of the thermodynamic theory of specific intermolecular interactions for a wide spectrum of organic compounds: ethers, ketones, alcohols, carboxylic ...acids, and hydrocarbons. The fundamentals of an unconventional approach to the theory of H-bonding and specific interactions are formulated based on a concept of pentacoordinate carbon atoms. New types of hydrogen bonds and specific interactions are substantiated and on the basis of the developed methodology their energies are determined. The system of interconnected quantitative characteristics of the stability of specific intermolecular interactions is presented. The laws of their transformations are discussed and summarized. The new concept of the extra stabilizing effect of isomeric methyl groups on the structure and stability of organic molecules is introduced and the destabilization action on specific interactions is outlined.
The unique quality of relations between Russia and China cannot be captured by the term "partnership," but the development of high-level ties does not signify a process of alliance building. The two ...states stand, in geopolitical terms, back-to-back to each other, as Russia gives priority attention to the confrontation on its Western theatre and China focuses of security matters in East Asia and trade relations with the United States. The China-Russia presidential pseudo-alliance has experienced at least three major turns in its development since the middle of this decade. Presently, it has transformed into a one-sided Russian dependency upon indifferent China and is certain to experience further challenges, as the two parties proceed along clearly diverging courses.
The intensity of Russian threat to the EU energy security has diminished in
terms of major supply interruptions but evolved in forms of indirect attacks,
primarily on the integrity of policy-making ...by using“hybrid warfare” means. The
immediate aim of Russia’s heavy investments in the construction of new pipelines
is to minimize gas transit through Ukraine, which has a potential to result in a
disruptive “gas war” by 2020. China is not supportive of Russia’s energy intrigues
in Europe, and Turkey seeks to reduce dependency upon Russian gas import.
Mid-term prospects in the European gas market are not favorable for Russia, but in
the short-term, Moscow’s propensity to energy securitization or “weaponization”
may be restrained.
The F 1s core level photoionization of the ionic molecular radical HF+ has been studied using the photon–ion merged-beams technique at a synchrotron radiation source. Upon analyzing kinetic energy ...release (KER) dependent photoion yield spectra, complex ultrafast dissociation dynamics of the F 1s core hole excited σ* state can be revealed. By means of configuration–interaction electronic structure calculations of the excited molecular potential energy curves, this complex process can be attributed to a spin-dependent dissociation of the excited σ* biradical state.
It would be a platitude to state that the Russia-Ukraine war has had a massive impact on the European security system, but it is essential to emphasize that the fast and profound reconstruction of ...this traditionally well-structured system addresses primarily the most immediate security challenges, while mid- and long-term problems remain clouded in uncertainty. Russia's aggression against Ukraine, unleashed on February 24, 2022, after eight years of violent conflict, produced a painful shock for most European politicians and publics. Although Russia, through its invasion of Ukraine, hoped to create confusion and discord among its neighbors, the European Union has risen to the challenge, recognizing the invasion of Ukraine as a direct threat to the security of all stakeholders in regional peace. The immediacy of this threat has brought together Europe's interest-based and value-based policies and focused them on the common goal of ending the war with a just peace, ensured by resolve to increase investments in collective security. Europe has sustained its remarkable unity behind the commitment to ensure Russia's defeat, as the proceedings of the 2023 Munich Security Conference confirm.1 Impressive as these efforts have been, however, perhaps inevitably they deal only with the foreseeable future, the horizon of which may turn out to be very close indeed.
This book examines the interplay between energy policy and security policy under Vladimir Putin, and his drive to re-establish Russia's 'greatness'.
Assessing the internal contradictions of this ...policy, the book argues that Russia's desire to strengthen its role of 'energy security' provider is undermined by its inability to secure growth in production of oil and gas. Further, the pressing demand to channel more resources into the military-industrial complex clashes with the growing need to invest in the energy complex, and the priority granted to strategic forces deprives the conventional forces of strike power and strategic mobility.
In conclusion, the author anticipates how these contradictions could be resolved, and suggests three short scenarios for Russia's continuing transition in the next decade.
This book will be of interest to students of Russian politics, European politics and international security.
Lagrange Equations of Envelopes Baev, V K
Journal of physics. Conference series,
12/2017, Letnik:
941, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The dynamics of charged particles in a traveling wave field with the uniform - magnetic focusing has been studied. A Lagrange function for this motion is constructed and Lagrange equations describing ...geometrical and kinematic envelopes of the bunch are derived.
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