The new coronavirus has been present for two years and has had a widespread and sustained impact worldwide. There is growing evidence in the literature that COVID-19 may have negative effects on ...mental illness in patients and in healthy populations. The unprecedented changes brought about by COVID-19, such as social isolation, school closures, and family stress, negatively affect people's mental health, especially that of children and adolescents. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and summarize the impact of COVID-19 disorders on children's and adolescents’ mental health, the mechanisms and risk factors, screening tools, and intervention and prevention. We hope that the mental dysfunction caused by the pandemic will be mitigated through appropriate and timely prevention and intervention.
Organisms exist within ecological networks, connected through interactions such as parasitism, predation and mutualism which can modify their abundance and distribution within habitat patches. ...Differential species responses make it hard to predict the influence of climate change at the community scale. Understanding the interplay between climate and biotic interactions can improve our predictions of how ecosystems will respond to current global warming.
We aim to understand how climate affects the multitrophic biotic interactions as well as the community structure using the enclosed communities of wasps associated with figs as study system.
To examine the presence and strength of multitrophic species interactions, we first characterized the multitrophic community of fig wasps associated with Ficus racemosa and then applied hierarchical joint species distribution models, fitted to community monitoring data. We further evaluated the effect of climate on individual species trends as well as interspecific interactions.
We found that the competitive balance shifted to favour non‐pollinating galling wasps and disadvantage the dominant pollinator in suboptimal conditions. Furthermore, suboptimal conditions for galling wasps facilitated the occurrence of their specialized parasitoid, as changes cascaded across trophic levels and led to alternative community structures. Our results highlight the role of how species interactions can be modified across multiple trophic levels in a fig wasp community according to climate.
摘要
生态系统中的各类生物通过寄生、捕食、互惠等相互作用组成生态网络，并相互影响与制约。由于不同物种外界变化的响应存在差异，在群落水平上预测气候变化对生物的影响一直是个难点。了解气候与物种间相互作用怎样共同作用于群落中的物种，有助于完善生态系统如何响应当前气候变暖的预测。
在该研究中，我们选用榕小蜂群落作为研究系统，目标揭示气候怎样影响多营养级生物互作体及其群落结构。
我们首先通过应用层级联合物种分布模型 (Hierarchical joint species distribution models) 分析了群落监测数据，检测了聚果榕多营养级榕小蜂群落多种种间互作的关系与强度。再进一步评估气候对单个物种动态及种间互作的影响。
研究发现:当处于非最佳气候条件时，同一营养级之间的种间竞争更倾向于非优势的非传粉造瘿小蜂，对优势的传粉榕小蜂不利；而且同一营养级之间竞争平衡的倾斜，通过跨营养级的级联效应促进了非传粉造瘿小蜂专性复寄生蜂的发生，从而导致群落结构的改变。结果强调了气候通过级联效应影响种间的不同互作关系，最终影响多营养级的榕小蜂群落。
By investigating the responses of fig wasp species to temperature shifts, this study highlights the central role of biotic interactions in determining the impact of climate on ecological communities.
Owing to its nutritional and medicinal value, hemp has been cultivated to provide since ancient times. This review aims to map the scientific literature concerning the main functional components and ...the chemical composition of hemp plant. It is generally acknowledged that each organ of the hemp plant embodies a valuable source, and among them the most pivotal part is the edible fruits hempseeds. Hempseeds are rich in easily digestible proteins, fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and insoluble fiber, which are of high nutritional value. Furthermore, the beneficial effects have increased researchers’ interests in hempseeds-containing foods. Developed as an indispensable ingredient, hempseed is also a significant supplement in various products, such as bakery food, drinks, snacks and culinary products. Overall, this review intends to promote the further in-depth investigation of approved hemp plants and expand the range of hempseeds adoption in the functional foods field.
Aqueous V2O5–Zn batteries, an alternative chemistry format that is inherently safer to operate than lithium‐based batteries, illuminates the low‐cost deployment of the stationary energy storage ...devices. However, the cathode structure collapse caused by H2O co‐insertion in aqueous solution dramatically deteriorates the electrochemical performance and hampers the operation reliability of V2O5–Zn batteries. The real‐time phase tracking and the density functional theory (DFT) calculation prove the high energy barrier that inhibits the Zn2+ diffusion into the bulk V2O5, instead the ZnCl2 “water‐in‐salt electrolyte” (WiSE) can enable the dominant proton insertion with negligible lattice strain or particle fragment. Thus, ZnCl2 WiSE enables the enhanced reversibility and extended shelf life of the V2O5–Zn battery upon the high temperature storage. The improved electrochemical performance also benefits by the inhibition of vanadium cation dissolution, enlarged voltage window, as well as the suppression of the Zn dendrite protrusion. This study comprehensively elucidates the pivotal role of a concentrated ZnCl2 electrolyte to stabilize the aqueous batteries at both the static storage and dynamic operation scenarios.
The application of ZnCl2 “water‐in‐salt” electrolyte in V2O5—Zn battery can effectively enhance the electrochemical performance no matter in dynamic or static conditions. This improvement is ascribed to the inhibition of cathode dissolution, extended voltage window, and the suppression of the Zn dendrite protrusion. Moreover, it is proved that proton inertion contributes most of the capacity, benefiting the particle integrity.
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•For Fe3O4 surfaces, the surface O site is the most favorable adsorption site for H and the dissociated H2 is adsorbed on the adjacent surface O atoms to form surface OH.•Dissociation ...of H2 on Fe3O4 two surfaces are easy, and H easily migrates between O sites and from O to Fe sites.•The degree of reduction difficulty of surface O can be regulated by controlling the coverage of H by adjusting the reaction conditions.
The adsorption and dissociation of H2, the migration ability of H atom, as well as the competition relationship between adsorption or deoxidation of H2 with increasing of H adsorption coverage on the Fe3O4 (1 1 1)-Fetet1 and (0 0 1)-B surfaces were systematically studied by DFT + U method. The adsorption energy and the optimal dissociation barrier of H2 on two Fe3O4 surface is about 0.04 eV and 1.0 eV, respectively. The surface O site is the most favorable adsorption site for H and the dissociated H2 is adsorbed on the adjacent surface O atoms. When H coverage is low, H preferentially adsorbs to the most stable O sites with the maximum adsorption heat. With the increasing of H coverage, the adsorption heat gradually decreases. When H coverage approaches saturated coverage, H2 reacted with surface O to form H2O become more favorable than direct adsorption. The phase diagrams of H adsorption/deoxidation at different temperature and pressure ranges were calculated. It can be found that the reduction of surface O become more favorable with the increasing of H coverage. The results indicate that the degree of reduction difficulty of surface O can be controlled by changing the coverage of H by adjusting the reaction condition.
Objective
Growing evidence indicates that the activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) is implicated in the multiple major pathological features of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, whether ...specific inhibition of JNK activation could prevent disease progression in adult transgenic AD models at moderate stage remains unknown. Here we first investigated the potential disease‐modifying therapeutic effect of systemic administration of SP600125, a small‐molecule JNK‐specific inhibitor, in middle‐aged APPswe/PS1dE9 mice.
Methods
Using behavioral, histological, and biochemical methods, outcomes of SP600125 treatment on neuropathology and cognitive deficits were studied in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice.
Results
Compared with vehicle‐treated APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, chronic treatment of SP600125 for 12 weeks potently inhibited JNK activation, which resulted in a marked improvement of behavioral measures of cognitive deficits and a dramatic reduction in amyloid plaque burden, β‐amyloid production, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammatory responses, and synaptic loss in these transgenic animals. In particular, we found that SP600125 treatment strongly promoted nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and inhibited amyloidogenic APP processing via regulating APP‐cleavage secretase expression (ie, ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1) in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice.
Interpretation
Our findings demonstrate that chronic SP600125 treatment is powerfully effective in slowing down disease progression by markedly reducing multiple pathological features and ameliorating cognitive deficits associated with AD. This study highlights the concept that active JNK actually contributes to the development of the disease, and provides critical preclinical evidence that specific inhibition of JNK activation by SP600125 treatment may be a novel promising disease‐modifying therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD. Ann Neurol 2015;77:637–654
Abstract Coupling the Si-based anodes with nickel-rich LiNi x Mn y Co 1−x−y O 2 cathodes (x ≥ 0.8) in the energy-dense cell prototype suffers from the mechanical instability of the Li-Si alloys, ...cathode collapse upon the high-voltage cycling, as well as the severe leakage current at elevated temperatures. More seriously, the cathode-to-anode cross-talk effect of transitional metal aggravates the depletion of the active Li reservoir. To reconcile the cation utilization degree, stress dissipation, and extreme temperature tolerance of the Si-based anode||NMC prototype, we propose a gel polymer electrolyte to reinforce the mechanical integrity of Si anode and chelate with the transitional cations towards the stabilized interfacial property. As coupling the conformal gel polymer electrolyte encapsulation with the spatial arranged Si anode and NMC811 cathode, the 2.7 Ah pouch-format cell could achieve the high energy density of 325.9 Wh kg −1 (based on the whole pouch cell), 88.7% capacity retention for 2000 cycles, self-extinguish property as well as a wide temperature tolerance. Therefore, this proposed polymerization strategy provides a leap toward the secured Li batteries.
A convergent approach to assemble the fused BCDE tetracyclic framework of wortmannin is presented. This route features a very challenging Suzuki–Miyaura coupling to prepare the fully functionalized ...furan intermediate, a Negishi-type acylation to unite the two enantio-enriched fragments, and a subsequent hydrogen-atom-transfer-initiated 6-endo radical cyclization to install the central cyclohexadienone moiety, which establishes the C10 all-carbon quaternary stereocenter.
Review on Structures of Pesticide Targets Li, Xiangyang; Yang, Xueqing; Zheng, Xiaodong ...
International journal of molecular sciences,
10/2020, Letnik:
21, Številka:
19
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Molecular targets play important roles in agrochemical discovery. Numerous pesticides target the key proteins in pathogens, insect, or plants. Investigating ligand-binding pockets and/or active sites ...in the proteins' structures is usually the first step in designing new green pesticides. Thus, molecular target structures are extremely important for the discovery and development of such pesticides. In this manuscript, we present a review of the molecular target structures, including those of antiviral, fungicidal, bactericidal, insecticidal, herbicidal, and plant growth-regulator targets, currently used in agrochemical research. The data will be helpful in pesticide design and the discovery of new green pesticides.
1. Species interactions in tightly bound ecological mutualisms often feature highly specialised species' roles in which competitive exclusion may preclude multi‐species coexistence. Among the 800 fig ...(Ficus) species, it was originally considered that each was pollinated by their own wasp (Agaonidae). However, recent investigations show that this ‘one‐to‐one’ rule often breaks down, as fig species regularly host multiple agaonids but in ways suggesting that competitive processes still mediate biodiversity outcomes.
2. A phenological survey was conducted of the fig–fig wasp pair, Ficus microcarpa and its associated pollinating wasp, alongside its sister species, the cheating wasp, in Xishuangbanna, China.
3. Reproductive output underwent extreme seasonal variation. Seed and pollinator production fell markedly during cooler, drier months, although high levels of fig production continued. However, this resource was predominantly utilised by the cheater species, which offers no pollination services. Pollinators and cheaters rarely co‐occur, suggesting that temporal coexistence is constrained by competition for access to figs.
4. The overall findings indicate periodic rearrangements of mutualism dynamics, probably resulting from a strongly seasonal environment. Sympatric co‐occurrence may result from a window of opportunity for a functionally divergent agaonid, potentially due to constraints on the main pollinator in adapting to variable year‐round conditions that prevent competitive exclusion.
This study shows marked seasonal variation in pollinator and seed production in a fig–wasp obligate mutualism at the range margins of a wide‐ranging species.
The host fig, Ficus microcarpa, continues to produce figs during seasons when the abundance of its mutualistic wasp pollinator is low; these figs are then exploited by the non‐pollinating sister species.
Non‐aligned responses between mutualists suggest that atypical, localised ecological conditions have destabilised host–pollinator biological matching, facilitating a transition from tightly bound mutualistic interactions to pronounced periodic decoupling of pollination services.
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