Obesity is one of the most important preventable causes of cancer and the most significant risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Compared with lean women, obese women are more likely ...to be diagnosed with a larger, higher grade tumor, an increased incidence of lymph node metastases, and elevated risk of distant recurrence. However, the mechanisms connecting obesity to the pathogenesis of breast cancer are poorly defined. Here, we show that during obesity, adipocytes within human and mouse breast tissues recruit and activate macrophages through a previously uncharacterized CCL2/IL-1β/CXCL12 signaling pathway. Activated macrophages in turn promote stromal vascularization and angiogenesis even before the formation of cancer. Recapitulating these changes using a novel humanized breast cancer model was sufficient to promote angiogenesis and prime the microenvironment prior to neoplastic transformation for accelerated breast oncogenesis. These findings provide a mechanistic role for adipocytes and macrophages before carcinogenesis that may be critical for prevention and treatment of obesity-related cancer.
Adverse reactions to vaccines Kelso, John M; Li, James T; Nicklas, Richard A ...
Annals of allergy, asthma, & immunology,
10/2009, Letnik:
103, Številka:
4 Suppl 2
Journal Article
Baker and Nelson discuss their efforts to establish a project to contribute to a new Southern studies, an emerging collective already producing a robust body of work in current American Studies ...scholarship. In literature, music, film, popular culture, religious records, and studies by social scientists, they found bodies in jeopardy in the South--violence in ascendance. They focused on the body because they speculate that the visual, bounded body of the "Other" was bedrock for the construction of both regionalism and racism in the US.
Gray Herbarium miscellaneous plant lists Allen, O. D. (Oscar Dana), 1836-1913; Ames, Oakes, 1874-1950; Baker, Miss ...
Field notes and plant identification records, approximately 1804-2000
Book
Despite the increased availability of naloxone, death rates from opioid overdose continue to increase. The goal of this study is to determine the 1-year mortality of patients who were treated for a ...nonfatal opioid overdose in Massachusetts emergency departments (EDs).
This was a retrospective observational study of patients from 3 linked statewide Massachusetts data sets: a master demographics list, an acute care hospital case-mix database, and death records. Patients discharged from the ED with a final diagnosis of opioid overdose were included. The primary outcome measure was death from any cause within 1 year of overdose treatment.
During the study period, 17,241 patients were treated for opioid overdose. Of the 11,557 patients who met study criteria, 635 (5.5%) died within 1 year, 130 (1.1%) died within 1 month, and 29 (0.25%) died within 2 days. Of the 635 deaths at 1 year, 130 (20.5%) occurred within 1 month and 29 (4.6%) occurred within 2 days.
The short-term and 1-year mortality of patients treated in the ED for nonfatal opioid overdose is high. The first month, and particularly the first 2 days after overdose, is the highest-risk period. Patients who survive opioid overdose should be considered high risk and receive interventions such as being offered buprenorphine, counseling, and referral to treatment before ED discharge.
Background: Pyrethroid insecticides are the most commonly used residential insecticides in the United States. Objectives: Our objective was to assess human exposure via biomonitoring to pyrethroid ...insecticides in a representative sample of the general U.S. population > 6 years of age. Methods: By using isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray chemical ionization/tandem mass spectrometry, we measured five urinary metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides in 5,046 samples collected as a part of the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Univariate, multivariate, and Pearson correlation analyses were performed using SUDAAN and SAS software, incorporating the appropriate sample weights into the analyses. Multivariate analyses included age, sex, race/ethnicity, creatinine, fasting status, and urine collection time as covariates. Results: We detected 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA), a metabolite common to many pyrethroid insecticides, in more than 70% of the samples. The least-squares geometric mean (LSGM) concentration (corrected for covariates) of 3PBA and the frequency of detection increased from 1999— 2000 (0.292 ng/mL) to 2001-2002 (0.318 ng/mL) but not significantly. Non-Hispanic blacks had significantly higher LSGM 3PBA concentrations than did non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans in the 2001— 2002 survey period and in the combined 4-year survey periods but not in the 1999-2000 survey period. Children had significantly higher LSGM concentrations of 3PBA than did adolescents in both NHANES periods and than adults in NHANES 1999-2000. Cis-and írA « í-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid were highly correlated with each other and with 3PBA, suggesting that urinary 3PBA was derived primarily from exposure to permethrin, cypermethrin, or their degradates. Conclusions: Pyrethroid insecticide exposure in the U.S. population is widespread, and the presence of its metabolites in the urine of U.S. residents indicates that children may have higher exposures than adolescents and adults.
Globally, collapse of ecosystems—potentially irreversible change to ecosystem structure, composition and function—imperils biodiversity, human health and well‐being. We examine the current state and ...recent trajectories of 19 ecosystems, spanning 58° of latitude across 7.7 M km2, from Australia's coral reefs to terrestrial Antarctica. Pressures from global climate change and regional human impacts, occurring as chronic ‘presses’ and/or acute ‘pulses’, drive ecosystem collapse. Ecosystem responses to 5–17 pressures were categorised as four collapse profiles—abrupt, smooth, stepped and fluctuating. The manifestation of widespread ecosystem collapse is a stark warning of the necessity to take action. We present a three‐step assessment and management framework (3As Pathway Awareness, Anticipation and Action) to aid strategic and effective mitigation to alleviate further degradation to help secure our future.
Global climate pressures and regional human impacts are causing increasing collapse of ecosystems across Australia and reaching to Antarctica. Ecosystems are experiencing multiple pressures simultaneously, either chronically (e.g. increasing air temperatures) and/or as extreme, short events (e.g. storms, fires), with their deterioration exhibiting a range of patterns. Knowing these patterns can alert conservation managers to impending collapse. We provide a new framework (the 3As) to use in conservation that focuses on preventing collapse (Awareness of ecosystem values; Anticipation of the range of pressure; Action to stop pressures), as well as guidance as to the types of conservation options available.
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