Peatlands in Amazonian Peru are known to store large quantities of carbon, but there is high uncertainty in the spatial extent and total carbon stocks of these ecosystems. Here, we use a multi-sensor ...(Landsat, ALOS PALSAR and SRTM) remote sensing approach, together with field data including 24 forest census plots and 218 peat thickness measurements, to map the distribution of peatland vegetation types and calculate the combined above- and below-ground carbon stock of peatland ecosystems in the Pastaza-Marañon foreland basin in Peru. We find that peatlands cover 35 600 2133 km2 and contain 3.14 (0.44-8.15) Pg C. Variation in peat thickness and bulk density are the most important sources of uncertainty in these values. One particular ecosystem type, peatland pole forest, is found to be the most carbon-dense ecosystem yet identified in Amazonia (1391 710 Mg C ha−1). The novel approach of combining optical and radar remote sensing with above- and below-ground carbon inventories is recommended for developing regional carbon estimates for tropical peatlands globally. Finally, we suggest that Amazonian peatlands should be a priority for research and conservation before the developing regional infrastructure causes an acceleration in the exploitation and degradation of these ecosystems.
Thermostable enzymes and thermophilic cell factories may afford economic advantages in the production of many chemicals and biomass-based fuels. Here we describe and compare the genomes of two ...thermophilic fungi, Myceliophthora thermophila and Thielavia terrestris. To our knowledge, these genomes are the first described for thermophilic eukaryotes and the first complete telomere-to-telomere genomes for filamentous fungi. Genome analyses and experimental data suggest that both thermophiles are capable of hydrolyzing all major polysaccharides found in biomass. Examination of transcriptome data and secreted proteins suggests that the two fungi use shared approaches in the hydrolysis of cellulose and xylan but distinct mechanisms in pectin degradation. Characterization of the biomass-hydrolyzing activity of recombinant enzymes suggests that these organisms are highly efficient in biomass decomposition at both moderate and high temperatures. Furthermore, we present evidence suggesting that aside from representing a potential reservoir of thermostable enzymes, thermophilic fungi are amenable to manipulation using classical and molecular genetics.
Carbonyl sulfide (OCS), the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere, has a summer minimum associated with uptake by vegetation and soils, closely correlated with CO₂. We report the first direct ...measurements to our knowledge of the ecosystem flux of OCS throughout an annual cycle, at a mixed temperate forest. The forest took up OCS during most of the growing season with an overall uptake of 1.36 ± 0.01 mol OCS per ha (43.5 ± 0.5 g S per ha, 95% confidence intervals) for the year. Daytime fluxes accounted for 72% of total uptake. Both soils and incompletely closed stomata in the canopy contributed to nighttime fluxes. Unexpected net OCS emission occurred during the warmest weeks in summer. Many requirements necessary to use fluxes of OCS as a simple estimate of photosynthesis were not met because OCS fluxes did not have a constant relationship with photosynthesis throughout an entire day or over the entire year. However, OCS fluxes provide a direct measure of ecosystem-scale stomatal conductance and mesophyll function, without relying on measures of soil evaporation or leaf temperature, and reveal previously unseen heterogeneity of forest canopy processes. Observations of OCS flux provide powerful, independent means to test and refine land surface and carbon cycle models at the ecosystem scale.
Dumped Chromium Ore Processing Residue (COPR) at legacy sites poses a threat to health through leaching of toxic Cr(VI) into groundwater. Previous work implicates microbial activity in reducing ...Cr(VI) to less mobile and toxic Cr(III), but the mechanism has not been explored. To address this question a combined metagenomic and geochemical study was undertaken. Soil samples from below the COPR waste were used to establish anaerobic microcosms which were challenged with Cr(VI), with or without acetate as an electron donor, and incubated for 70 days. Cr was rapidly reduced in both systems, which also reduced nitrate, nitrite then sulfate, but this sequence was accelerated in the acetate amended microcosms. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the original soil sample was diverse but both microcosm systems became less diverse by the end of the experiment. A high proportion of 16S rRNA gene reads and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) with high completeness could not be taxonomically classified, highlighting the distinctiveness of these alkaline Cr impacted systems. Examination of the coding capacity revealed widespread capability for metal tolerance and Fe uptake and storage, and both populations possessed metabolic capability to degrade a wide range of organic molecules. The relative abundance of genes for fatty acid degradation was 4× higher in the unamended compared to the acetate amended system, whereas the capacity for dissimilatory sulfate metabolism was 3× higher in the acetate amended system. We demonstrate that naturally occurring in situ bacterial populations have the metabolic capability to couple acetate oxidation to sequential reduction of electron acceptors which can reduce Cr(VI) to less mobile and toxic Cr(III), and that microbially produced sulfide may be important in reductive precipitation of chromate. This capability could be harnessed to create a Cr(VI) trap-zone beneath COPR tips without the need to disturb the waste.
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•Cr(VI) leaching from COPR waste sites into ground water is a threat to health.•The capacity of in situ soil microbial populations to reduce Cr(VI) was studied.•Microcosms spiked with Cr were analysed by geochemical and molecular methods.•A unique microbial population reduced Cr via acetate stimulated sulfate reduction.•In situ microbial populations have the potential to remediate COPR legacy sites.
We analysed gross primary productivity (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER) and the resulting net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO
) by the terrestrial biosphere during the summer ...of 2018 through observed changes across the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network, through biosphere and inverse modelling, and through remote sensing. Highly correlated yet independently-derived reductions in productivity from sun-induced fluorescence, vegetative near-infrared reflectance, and GPP simulated by the Simple Biosphere model version 4 (SiB4) suggest a 130-340 TgC GPP reduction in July-August-September (JAS) of 2018. This occurs over an area of 1.6 × 10
km
with anomalously low precipitation in northwestern and central Europe. In this drought-affected area, reduced GPP, TER, NEE and soil moisture at ICOS ecosystem sites are reproduced satisfactorily by the SiB4 model. We found that, in contrast to the preceding 5 years, low soil moisture is the main stress factor across the affected area. SiB4's NEE reduction by 57 TgC for JAS coincides with anomalously high atmospheric CO
observations in 2018, and this is closely matched by the NEE anomaly derived by CarbonTracker Europe (52 to 83 TgC). Increased NEE during the spring (May-June) of 2018 (SiB4 -52 TgC; CTE -46 to -55 TgC) largely offset this loss, as ecosystems took advantage of favourable growth conditions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
Amazon forests exert a major influence on the global carbon cycle, but quantifying the impact is complicated by diverse landscapes and sparse data. Here we examine seasonal carbon balance in southern ...Amazonia using new measurements of column‐averaged dry air mole fraction of CO2 (XCO2) and solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) from July 2009 to December 2010. SIF, which reflects gross primary production (GPP), is used to disentangle the photosynthetic component of land‐atmosphere carbon exchange. We find that tropical transitional forests in southern Amazonia exhibit a pattern of low XCO2 during the wet season and high XCO2 in the dry season that is robust to retrieval methodology and with seasonal amplitude double that of cerrado ecosystems to the east (4 ppm versus 2 ppm), including enhanced dilution of 2.5 ppm in the wet season. Concomitant measurements of SIF, which are inversely correlated with XCO2 in southern Amazonia (r = −0.53, p < 0.001), indicate that the enhanced variability is driven by seasonal changes in GPP due to coupling of strong vertical mixing with seasonal changes in underlying carbon exchange. This finding is supported by forward simulations of the Goddard Chemistry Transport Model (GEOS‐Chem) which show that local carbon uptake in the wet season and loss in the dry season due to emissions by ecosystem respiration and biomass burning produces best agreement with observed XCO2. We conclude that GOSAT provides critical measurements of carbon exchange in southern Amazonia, but more samples are needed to examine moist Amazon forests farther north.
Key Points
XCO2 exhibits strong seasonal variability (~ 4 ppm) in southern Amazonia
This is possible because vertical mixing and local seasonal NEE are coupled
XCO2 is inversely correlated with fluorescence, indicating GPP drives NEE
In the Arctic and Boreal region (ABR) where warming is especially pronounced, the increase of gross primary production (GPP) has been suggested as an important driver for the increase of the ...atmospheric CO2 seasonal cycle amplitude (SCA). However, the role of GPP relative to changes in ecosystem respiration (ER) remains unclear, largely due to our inability to quantify these gross fluxes on regional scales. Here, we use atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) measurements to provide observation-based estimates of GPP over the North American ABR. Our annual GPP estimate is 3.6 (2.4 to 5.5) PgC · y−1 between 2009 and 2013, the uncertainty of which is smaller than the range of GPP estimated from terrestrial ecosystem models (1.5 to 9.8 PgC · y−1). Our COS-derived monthly GPP shows significant correlations in space and time with satellite-based GPP proxies, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation. Furthermore, the derived monthly GPP displays two different linear relationships with soil temperature in spring versus autumn, whereas the relationship between monthly ER and soil temperature is best described by a single quadratic relationship throughout the year. In spring to midsummer, when GPP is most strongly correlated with soil temperature, our results suggest the warming-induced increases of GPP likely exceeded the increases of ER over the past four decades. In autumn, however, increases of ER were likely greater than GPP due to light limitations on GPP, thereby enhancing autumn net carbon emissions. Both effects have likely contributed to the atmospheric CO2 SCA amplification observed in the ABR.
Representing subgrid variabilities of land surface processes and their upscaled effects is crucial for global climate modeling. Here, we implement a multiple atmosphere multiple land (MAML) framework ...in the superparamaterized version of E3SM (SP‐E3SM) to explicitly simulate the subgrid variabilities of land states and fluxes at cloud‐resolving scale and their interactions with atmosphere. Comparing to the standard SP‐E3SM in which all the atmospheric columns of the cloud resolving model embedded within the global atmospheric model grid interact with the same land surface (i.e., multiple atmosphere single land (MASL)), the impact of MAML on the strength of land‐atmosphere coupling is limited, partly because the current implementation mainly facilitates one‐way coupling between the cloud‐resolving model and the land surface model. Despite such limitation, MAML increases the surface latent heat flux at the expense of sensible heat flux, and increases precipitation in India, Amazon, and Central Africa, reducing the model dry bias compared to the standard SP‐E3SM. By employing a normalized gross moist stability (NGMS) diagnostic framework, we find that the increase in precipitation minus evaporation (P‐E) is primarily driven by the change in large‐scale moisture convergence, particularly by the increase of water vapor in the lower atmosphere, while the local effect of total surface energy flux plays a minor role in the P‐E change. More specifically, MAML changes the surface energy partitioning (evaporative fraction), increases the atmosphere water vapor, and further increases P‐E by decreasing the NGMS. Finally, future development in the MAML framework is discussed.
Plain Language Summary
Land‐atmosphere interactions such as soil moisture‐precipitation feedback occur at a wide range of spatial scales. For example, spatial variability of surface fluxes such as radiation and precipitation can influence surface latent and sensible heat fluxes, which further influence turbulent mixing processes in the boundary layer and cloud and precipitation. Current global climate models (GCMs) have difficulties in representing land‐atmosphere interactions at scales smaller than the GCM grid (subgrid scales). To meet this challenge, we employ a novel framework, called multiple atmosphere multiple land (MAML), in a superparamaterized version of E3SM (SP‐E3SM) in which a cloud resolving model is embedded within each GCM grid to better resolve clouds and convection. MAML explicitly simulates the subgrid variabilities of land states and fluxes at scale of ∼1 km and provides feedback to the atmosphere. The use of MAML is shown to have a limited effect on the strength of land‐atmosphere coupling due to the current one‐way subgrid land‐atmosphere interaction setup. Despite the limited effect, MAML increases the rainfall in India, Amazon, and Central Africa, which reduces the dry bias in the model.
Key Points
A multiple atmosphere multiple land (MAML) framework of land‐atmosphere coupling is implemented in the super‐parameterized E3SM (SP‐E3SM)
MAML increases precipitation in India, Central Africa, and Amazon by increasing water vapor and hence large‐scale moisture convergence
MAML's impact on land‐atmosphere interactions is limited by the current setup of one‐way coupling on cloud‐resolving scales
Hexavalent chromium contamination of groundwater is a worldwide problem caused by anthropogenic and natural processes. We report the rate of Cr(VI) removal by two humic acids (extracted from Miocene ...age lignite and younger peat soil) in aqueous suspensions across a pH range likely to be encountered in terrestrial environments. Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) in a first-order reaction with respect Cr(VI) concentration, but exhibited a partial order (~ 0.5) with respect to H+. This reaction was more rapid with the peat humic acid, where Cr(VI) reduction was observed at all pH values investigated (3.7 ≤ pH ≤ 10.5).
13
C NMR and pyrolysis GC-MS spectroscopy indicate that the reaction results in loss of substituted phenolic moieties and hydroxyl groups from the humic acids. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that at all pH values the resulting Cr(III) was associated with the partially degraded humic acid in an inner-sphere adsorption complex. The reaction mechanism is likely to be controlled by ester formation between Cr(VI) and phenolic/hydroxyl moieties, as this initial step is rapid in acidic systems but far less favourable in alkaline conditions. Our findings highlight the potential of humic acid to reduce and remove Cr(VI) from solution in a range of environmental conditions.
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