Augusto Roa Bastos conducted considerable research on Doctor Francia, the dictator of Paraguay from 1814 to 1840, during the writing of his great novel Yo el Supremo, published in 1974. Some of the ...books he consulted ended up in the burn pile of the municipal dump of Chapadmalal, where they were rescued, and eventually brought to Paraguay in July 2O22.The most important source for the novel is Julio César Chaves's El supremo dictador (1942).Starting from some five hundred photographs I took of this book on 28 July 2022,1 have been able to reconstruct certain stages of the research and writing of the novel in 1971 and 1972.The Chaves book contained not just underlining and marginalia but also two dozen fragments of typescripts of the novel.
A large body of research indicates that exaggerated response to uncertainty of a future threat is at the core of anxiety and related disorders, underscoring the need for a better understanding of the ...underlying mechanisms. Although behavioral and neuroimaging studies have suggested a close relationship between uncertainty responses and cognitive control, little is known about what elements of uncertainty are more or less vulnerable to cognitive modulation in shaping aversive responses. Leveraging a novel paradigm, an n-back working memory task embedded within a modified threat-of-shock paradigm, we examined how the influences of different facets of uncertainty (i.e., occurrence and timing) on psychophysiological responses were modulated by cognitive load. Psychophysiological responses were assessed using the acoustic startle reflex. Replicating prior work, the effects of cognitive load and temporal unpredictability of threat on startle responses were evident. The effect of occurrence unpredictability appears to depend on other factors. Under low cognitive load, startle response was potentiated when both the occurrence and the timing of threat were predictable. Under high cognitive load, startle response was significantly reduced, especially when a threat context involves uncertainty in both temporal and probability domains. These observations provide a framework for refining the model of fear and anxiety and for understanding the etiology of psychological disorders characterized by maladaptive uncertainty responses.
Prefrontal cortical regulation of fear learning Gilmartin, Marieke R; Balderston, Nicholas L; Helmstetter, Fred J
Trends in neurosciences (Regular ed.),
08/2014, Letnik:
37, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Highlights • Prefrontal cortex is necessary for the initial learning of complex fear associations. • Trace and contextual fear paradigms offer insight into cortical control of fear learning. • ...Emerging evidence suggests prefrontal cortex may modulate standard fear conditioning. • We review recent findings of an expanded role for prefrontal cortex in fear regulation.
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