A robust database shows that dietary supplements of vitamins E and C are safe for the general population. Because these nutrients supply antioxidant and other functions for homeostasis and protection ...against free radical damage, supplementation has been intensively studied. Because of perceived benefits, many persons consume quantities of vitamins E and C well above the recommended dietary allowances. As safety guidance, tolerable upper intake levels have been established by the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, at 1000 mg for vitamin E and 2000 mg for vitamin C in adults. Many clinical trials with these vitamins have involved subjects with various diseases, and no consistent pattern of adverse effects has occurred at any intake. Numerous studies of vitamin C supplementation have provided no pattern of evidence to support concerns about safety other than occasional gastrointestinal upset or mild diarrhea resulting from the osmotic effects of unabsorbed quantities of vitamin C. Evidence of bleeding effects and other potential adverse effects of high vitamin E intakes in humans is not convincing. Evidence of adverse effects of vitamin C that result from its effects on iron absorption and metabolism has not been confirmed in clinical trials. Thus, we conclude from clinical trial evidence that vitamin E supplements appear safe for most adults in amounts less than or equal to 1600 IU (1073 mg RRR-alpha-tocopherol or the molar equivalent of its esters) and that vitamin C supplements of less than or equal to 2000 mg/d are safe for most adults.
As the nation prepares to welcome and introduce an increasingly more diverse student population to higher education, many challenges must be addressed to ensure these young people's success - and ...consequently the future of our nation. A good number of these prospective college-bound students will be counted among TRIO's traditional target group. This article examines the role of private colleges and universities in contributing to the success of the TRIO target student population. The analysis focuses on how TRIO participation at private institutions affects student success in enrollment and persistence to baccalaureate degree attainment.
A robust database shows that dietary supplements of vitamins E and C are safe for the general population. Because these nutrients supply antioxidant and other functions for homeostasis and protection ...against free radical damage, supplementation has been intensively studied. Because of perceived benefits, many persons consume quantities of vitamins E and C well above the recommended dietary allowances. As safety guidance, tolerable upper intake levels have been established by the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, at 1000 mg for vitamin E and 2000 mg for vitamin C in adults. Many clinical trials with these vitamins have involved subjects with various diseases, and no consistent pattern of adverse effects has occurred at any intake. Numerous studies of vitamin C supplementation have provided no pattern of evidence to support concerns about safety other than occasional gastrointestinal upset or mild diarrhea resulting from the osmotic effects of unabsorbed quantities of vitamin C. Evidence of bleeding effects and other potential adverse effects of high vitamin E intakes in humans is not convincing. Evidence of adverse effects of vitamin C that result from its effects on iron absorption and metabolism has not been confirmed in clinical trials. Thus, we conclude from clinical trial evidence that vitamin E supplements appear safe for most adults in amounts ≤1600 IU (1073 mg RRR -α-tocopherol or the molar equivalent of its esters) and that vitamin C supplements of ≤2000 mg/d are safe for most adults.
The loss in selected federal student assistance programs in the states and by institutional control based on President Reagan's budget request for funding year 1983 is estimated. Funding levels for ...1981-1982 for the campus-based programs (Special Education Opportunities Grant Program--SEOG, College Work-Study--CW-S, and the National Direct Student Loan--NDSL) and 1980-1981 funding of Pell Grants are also included. For independent colleges and universities and the students enrolled in them, the cuts in the funding levels for these programs mean a loss of about $543 million and 662,000 awards. The losses at independent schools in six states comprise about 42% of total loss to the independent sector. These states are New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Illinois, California, and Ohio. The methodology for estimating the losses in the Pell Grants and campus-based programs began with 1980-1981 data on Pell Grants and 1981-1982 data on SEOG, CW-S, and NDSL. These levels were reduced proportionately based on the President's proposed FY 1983 budget. The level for Pell Grants, proposed to be funded at $1.4 billion, was reduced by 40.47%; the level for SEOG, proposed to be zero funded, was reduced by 100%; the level for CW-S, proposed to be funded at $397.5 million, was reduced by 27.20% and the level of NDSL, also proposed to be zero funded, was reduced by 100%. The current funding level and estimated loss for NDSL refers to the federal capital contribution only and does not take into account loans made from the institution's revolving loan funds. Therefore, some loans will still be made, but not with federal capital. Fifty-three pages of funding data are presented. (SW)
The fourth edition of analyses of selected federal student assistance and categorical programs prepared by the National Institute of Independent Colleges and Universities is presented. Sections ...include: (1) federal student assistance--undergraduate programs (Pell Grants, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants, State Student Incentive Grants, Guaranteed Student Loans, etc.); (2) federal student assistance--graduate and professional programs (mining fellowships, legal training for the disabled, fellowships for Indian students, Health Education Assistance loans, etc.); (3) federal categorical programs--Department of Education (biomedicine, cooperative education, libraries, Teacher Corps, etc.); and (4) federal categorical programs--other departments and agencies. Each program is described and its funding is provided, including the administration's recommended budget request for fiscal year 1982. For several programs, there is an analysis of the distribution of funding by sector, type of institution and control, and state. The information and data for these reports have been compiled from published documents from federal agencies, from unpublished records and data, and from interviews with agency personnel. The emphasis is upon programs administered by the Department of Education, although programs of general interest to independent institutions from other federal departments and agencies are also included, such as those from: Department of Health and Human Services; Department of Commerce; Department of Energy; Department of Labor, National Endowment for the Arts; National Endowment for the Humanities; and National Science Foundation. (LC)
Information is provided on selected federal student assistance and categorical programs to provide quick reference for public policy deliberations of the independent sector of higher education. The ...emphasis is upon programs administered by the Office of Education. Four major sections are provided: federal student assistance for undergraduates and graduates; federal categorical programs for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; and federal categorical programs for other departments and agencies. Each program is described and its funding history is provided, including the administration's recommended budget request for fiscal year 1980. For several programs, there is an analysis of the distribution of funding by sector, type of institution and control, and state. The information and data have been compiled from published documents from federal agencies, from unpublished records and data, and from interviews with agency personnel. (SW)
Presents two opinions on the effect of growing federal student loan programs on college tuition: (1) that federal loans have more than tripled as a proportion of the total cost of attendance, while ...tuition rates have skyrocketed, indicating a connection; and (2) that no reliable evidence shows undergraduate tuition has risen to capture more federal loans, and suggesting otherwise is irresponsible. (MSE)
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