Crohn’s Disease is a chronic, idiopathic, transmural inflammatory disease affecting predominantly distal ileum, the common presentation include stricture and fistula formation. Free perforation in ...the peritoneal cavity is rare. To study the presentation and management of Crohn’s perforation. A retrospective study of 9 cases of perforative peritonitis later diagnosed due to Crohn’s disease on histopathological examination. Among the 9 patients, 8 were males and 1 was female. The ages of the patients ranged from 30 to 58 years, with mean age of 41.8 years. 6 patients were in the age group of 30–45 years. 8 patients were not known to be suffering from Crohn’s. Resection followed by anastomosis was done in 4 cases including the case of known Crohn’s, while resection follwed by end illeostomy with mucous fistula was done in remaining cases. Resected specimens were sent for histopathological examination in all cases. Though Crohn’s perforation is rare it should be kept in mind when dealing with single or multiple perforation of the small intestine even in the developing countries. Though the number of cases in our series are too few to come to a conclusion, we found that illeostomy sems a prudent alternative to traditional resection anastomosis.
International development organisations, through partnerships with local insurance companies, have been promoting weather index based insurance (WIBI) in developing countries. Due to lower ...operational costs, they expect shorter pay-off period, often overlooking high initial design costs. Experiences however show high post-pilot mortality of these programmes. Literatures report lack of insurance participation. We propose lack of push from insurance providers as an additional factor. To verify, cash flows of a Nicaraguan groundnut based WIBI and a comparable but hypothetical named peril insurance are simulated against 80 scenarios. Additionally, a test of stochastic dominance of their estimated Net Present Values show that WIBI take comparatively longer to pay-off yielding lower returns with considerable risk. WIBI, given its advantages is undoubtedly an efficient agricultural risk management tool. Therefore, to make it sustainable, long-term pilots and technical assistance is required until the product pays-off and yield profits for insurance providers.
Index-based weather insurances are innovative tools for mitigating weather risks in agriculture.
Several donor agencies and development organisations are investing substantially to
propagate these ...programmes in developing countries. However, often due to high basis risks,
these products mitigate risk only through diversification effect, thereby defeating the intended
purpose. Besides, they send confusing messages to the farmers regarding the very concept of
insurance. Therefore, this paper investigates the efficiency of two such index-based weather
insurances in Philippines, designed to mitigate rice yield loss caused by strong typhoon winds.
The insurance products are designed assuming negative linear correlation between wind speed
and rice yield. To verify, we used satellite data and GIS tools to tabulate typhoon wind speeds,
concurrent crop stage and the subsequent rice yield in five provinces which have both the programmes.
Regression analyses and Ramsey RESET tests confirm that rice yield loss is not
a function of incident typhoon wind speed, irrespective of the crop stage. Basis risk estimations,
based on minimum variance hedging ratio for a risk averse expected utility maximising
consumer show that the products entail basis risks of the order of 99%. Typhoons damage all
crops, but wind indexed insurance is inadequate when the insured crop has low head weight
and is agile like rice, since wind onslaughts do not determine the degree of yield loss. Notably,
a thorough burn analysis for basis risk is a necessity before investing time and money
implementing index-based weather insurance schemes as a tool for poverty alleviation.
Index-based weather insurances are innovative tools for mitigating weather risks in agriculture.Several donor agencies and development organisations are investing substantially topropagate these ...programmes in developing countries. However, often due to high basis risks,these products mitigate risk only through diversification effect, thereby defeating the intendedpurpose. Besides, they send confusing messages to the farmers regarding the very concept ofinsurance. Therefore, this paper investigates the efficiency of two such index-based weatherinsurances in Philippines, designed to mitigate rice yield loss caused by strong typhoon winds.The insurance products are designed assuming negative linear correlation between wind speedand rice yield. To verify, we used satellite data and GIS tools to tabulate typhoon wind speeds,concurrent crop stage and the subsequent rice yield in five provinces which have both the programmes.Regression analyses and Ramsey RESET tests confirm that rice yield loss is nota function of incident typhoon wind speed, irrespective of the crop stage. Basis risk estimations,based on minimum variance hedging ratio for a risk averse expected utility maximisingconsumer show that the products entail basis risks of the order of 99%. Typhoons damage allcrops, but wind indexed insurance is inadequate when the insured crop has low head weightand is agile like rice, since wind onslaughts do not determine the degree of yield loss. Notably,a thorough burn analysis for basis risk is a necessity before investing time and moneyimplementing index-based weather insurance schemes as a tool for poverty alleviation.
International development organisations, through partnerships with local insurance companies, have been promoting weather index based insurance (WIBI) in developing countries. Due to lower ...operational costs, they expect shorter pay-off period, often overlooking high initial design costs. Experiences however show high post-pilot mortality of these programmes. Literatures report lack of insurance participation. We propose lack of push from insurance providers as an additional factor. To verify, cash flows of a Nicaraguan groundnut based WIBI and a comparable but hypothetical named peril insurance are simulated against 80 scenarios. Additionally, a test of stochastic dominance of their estimated Net Present Values show that WIBI take comparatively longer to pay-off yielding lower returns with considerable risk. WIBI, given its advantages is undoubtedly an efficient agricultural risk management tool. Therefore, to make it sustainable, long-term pilots and technical assistance is required until the product pays-off and yield profits for insurance providers.
International development organisations, through partnerships with local insurance companies, have been promoting weather index based insurance (WIBI) in developing countries. Due to lower ...operational costs, they expect shorter pay-off period, often overlooking high initial design costs. Experiences however show high post-pilot mortality of these programmes. Literatures report lack of insurance participation. We propose lack of push from insurance providers as an additional factor. To verify, cash flows of a Nicaraguan groundnut based WIBI and a comparable but hypothetical named peril insurance are simulated against 80 scenarios. Additionally, a test of stochastic dominance of their estimated Net Present Values show that WIBI take comparatively longer to pay-off yielding lower returns with considerable risk. WIBI, given its advantages is undoubtedly an efficient agricultural risk management tool. Therefore, to make it sustainable, long-term pilots and technical assistance is required until the product pays-off and yield profits for insurance providers.
Index-based weather insurances are innovative tools for mitigating weather risks in agriculture. Several donor agencies and development organisations are investing substantially to propagate these ...programmes in developing countries. However, often due to high basis risks, these products mitigate risk only through diversification effect, thereby defeating the intended purpose. Besides, they send confusing messages to the farmers regarding the very concept of insurance. Therefore, this paper investigates the efficiency of two such index-based weather insurances in Philippines, designed to mitigate rice yield loss caused by strong typhoon winds. The insurance products are designed assuming negative linear correlation between wind speed and rice yield. To verify, we used satellite data and GIS tools to tabulate typhoon wind speeds, concurrent crop stage and the subsequent rice yield in five provinces which have both the programmes. Regression analyses and Ramsey RESET tests confirm that rice yield loss is not a function of incident typhoon wind speed, irrespective of the crop stage. Basis risk estimations, based on minimum variance hedging ratio for a risk averse expected utility maximising consumer show that the products entail basis risks of the order of 99%. Typhoons damage all crops, but wind indexed insurance is inadequate when the insured crop has low head weight and is agile like rice, since wind onslaughts do not determine the degree of yield loss. Notably, a thorough burn analysis for basis risk is a necessity before investing time and money implementing index-based weather insurance schemes as a tool for poverty alleviation.
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