A Review of River Oil Spill Modeling Kvočka, Davor; Žagar, Dušan; Banovec, Primož
Water (Basel),
06/2021, Letnik:
13, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
River oil spills are generally more frequent and pose greater environmental and public health risk than coastal and offshore oil spills. However, the river oil spill research has received a ...negligible amount of academic attention in the past three decades, while at the same time the coastal and offshore oil spill research has expanded and evolved tremendously. This paper provides the state-of-the-art review of river oil spill modeling and summarizes the developments in the field from 1994 to present. The review has revealed that the majority of the gaps in knowledge still remain. Thus, there is a need for (i) experimental studies in order to develop and validate new models and better understand the main physicochemical processes, (ii) studies on inter-linking of the governing processes, such as hydrodynamics, advection–dispersion, and weathering processes, (iii) adaptation and validation of coastal and offshore oil spill models for applications in riverine environments, and (iv) development of river oil spill remote sensing systems and detection techniques. Finally, there is a need to more actively promote the importance of river oil spill research and modeling in the context of environmental and public health protection, which would form the basis for obtaining more research funding and thus more academic attention.
Cross – border water supply is defined as water delivery of drinking water between countries where the complexity of water supply management is increased mainly because of the doubled reality of ...administrative, legal, accounting and decision-making processes. The paper contributes to a debate about the problem faced by the water sector in general, namely that prices and tariffs are almost universally below the full-cost of supply. This means that inefficiencies exist and needs to be carefully examined based on proper allocation of variable and fixed costs of water abstraction. Analyzed water pricing of existing cross-border WSS clearly demonstrates a wide plethora of applied water pricing approaches mainly based on pure negotiation principles demonstrating different bargaining positions of partners. In order to overcome this situation applicable water pricing principles were analyzed. National guidelines and academic publications endorse two possible approaches: marginal cost approach and recovery of full cost approach. Paper presents the applicability of these approaches for cross-border water supply and provides a practical model for costs’ allocation. The model is demonstrated on a real business case of Slovene water utility.
Purpose
Implementation of current European environmental legislation such as the Water Framework Directive requires access to comprehensive, well-structured pollutant source and release inventories. ...The aim of this work was to develop a Source Classification Framework (SCF) ideally suited for this purpose.
Methods
Existing source classification systems were examined by a multidisciplinary research team, and an optimised SCF was developed. The performance and usability of the SCF were tested using a selection of 25 chemicals listed as priority pollutants in Europe.
Results
The SCF is structured in the form of a relational database and incorporates both qualitative and quantitative source classification and release data. The system supports a wide range of pollution monitoring and management applications. The SCF functioned well in the performance test, which also revealed important gaps in priority pollutant release data.
Conclusions
The SCF provides a well-structured approach for European pollutant source and release classification and management. With further optimisation and demonstration testing, the SCF has the potential to be fully implemented throughout Europe.
ABSTRACT The conceptual framework of flood management addresses the relationship among flood hazard, flood vulnerability and flood risk. Most of the active efforts in the Republic of Slovenia were ...focused towards flood hazard mapping. In this research, the issue of flood vulnerability and flood hazard is addressed in order to systematically reduce flood hazards. In this article, an advanced theoretical approach is presented, which defines flood vulnerability and (in connection to flood risk) provides information on flood hazards. Based upon this, it is possible to define flood hazards in monetary terms. This approach is setting forward special information that is missing from existing public registries, i.e. benchmark data. The article also presents a new concept of flood hazard definition, which is based upon different uses of flood hazard information: rescue and relief measures, optimization and selection of flood hazard mitigation measures, development of individual flood proofing measures, and other. All the listed measures have their spatial dimension, which is also a subject of positioning into space. In this framework, an information of spatial positioning of existing flood hazard and mitigation measures aiming at the reduction of flood hazard is challenged, especially from the point of view of development of documents that define development of specific area.
Water losses are in focus of water supply management in last decades. Basic and widely accepted indicator is ILI Index, but is insufficient, when water resources are abundant, treatment costs low and ...energy consumption miniscule due to gravity. In such situation several authors introduced more detailed analysis defining “Economic Level of Leakage” (ELL) in short run. This analysis provides an insight into shadow market of leakages that is defined by marginal cost of water supplied on supply side and by marginal cost of repairs to mitigate water loss on demand side and provide empirical example based on real water supply system (WSS) data.
This article presents the collaboration of two inter-disciplinary research projects on earthquake risk management for Slovenia and its capital city Ljubljana. Seismic resistance, structural ...vulnerability and fundamental frequency assessments of individual buildings were made and, using data from the Real Estate and Central Population registers, scenarios for the impact of different earthquake intensities were constructed. In addition, four applications were developed: guidance on earthquake preparedness for the public; a web application for self-assessment of building vulnerability; a support system for earthquake damage inspection; and an early post-earthquake damage assessment tool for planning rescue operations.
GOWARE (transnational Guide toward an Optimal WAter REgime) represents a Decision Support Tool (DST) developed to support the implementation of innovative Best Management Practices (BMPs) for ...drinking water protection and flood/drought risk mitigation. The tool is one of the main outputs of the PROLINE-CE Project, an EU project funded within the Interreg Central Europe (CE) Programme (2014–2020). The aim of this paper is illustrating the design and the methodological approaches proposed for the operative development of the tool. Furthermore, the paper provides the results of a number of tests carried out to evaluate the understandability of the analysis’s processes and assessing the stakeholders’ acceptance. Specifically, GOWARE-DST has been developed for supporting single users or groups of users in the decision-making process. The tool has been provided with a catalogue of 92 BMPs to handle water issues in different land use contexts. The selection of practices suitable for addressing the specific user’s requirements is supported by the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a method that allows filtering a subset of BMPs by accounting for the relative importance that the user assigns to each characterizing criterion. GOWARE-DST represents an innovative tool for supporting users at different levels of planning (operational and strategic) by promoting sustainable land and water management and defining long-term governance activities.
Enforcement of the European Union’s legal order is bringing substantial expert involvement even in water management. The main act, the Water Framework Directive (WFD), is followed by numerous others. ...Substantial investments will be demanded even in Slovenia to comply with the Uniform Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWTD) and Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (IPPCD). On the operative utilities are dealt with by municipalities, while states have to fulfil national responsibilities to the EU. Timely achievement of goals demands coordinated activities based on expert guidelines. One of UWWTD’s basic parameters is the agglomeration, which is a uniform area of such compact settlement, to which special stipulations and dynamics from the directive can be applied. The criteria for compactness is population density per hectare. A suitable grid of square one-hectare cells was devised for Slovenia, with three types of settlement cells. Areas of particular agglomerations are formed by two adjoining cells whose population is most dense. The area of agglomerations is much smaller than settlement area in the register of territorial units, thus Slovene summary obligations from the directive are much smaller, as was shown in the expert guidelines for the National programme for collecting and treating waste communal and atmospheric water. These agglomerations are the basic element for planning and intervention even in other water resource planning (flood prevention measures etc.) and could also be used for programmes of provision of utilities, as well as other physical development plans.
Uveljavitev pravnega reda Evropske unije prinaša obsežno strokovno delo tudi v vodno gospodarstvo. Na vodilno, Okvirno direktivo o vodah (WFD) se navezujejo številne druge. Izpolnjevanje določil ...Direktive o ravnanju z odpadnimi komunalnimi vodami (UWWTD) in Direktive o celovitem preprečevanju in omejevanju onesnaževanja (IPPCD) bo tudi v Sloveniji zahtevalo znatne investicije. Področje komunalnih voda na operativni ravni ureja občina, država pa mora izpolnjevati prevzete državne obveznosti do EU. Pravočasno doseganje ciljev zahteva koordinacijo aktivnosti, temelječo na strokovnih podlagah. V UWWTD je eden osnovnih parametrov aglomeracija kot zaokroženo območje tako zgoščene poselitve, da zanj veljajo posebna določila in dinamika iz direktive. Merilo zgoščenosti je število prebivalcev na hektar. Za Slovenijo so bili izdelani najprimernejša mreža eno-hektarskih kvadratnih celic in trije tipi celic poselitve. Območje posamezne aglomeracije sestavljajo celice dveh najgostejših tipov poselitve, ki se stikajo. Površina aglomeracij je mnogo manjša od površine naselij iz RPE, zato so skupne slovenske obveznosti iz direktiv manjše, kar pokaže tudi strokovna podlaga za nacionalni program zbiranja in čiščenja odpadnih komunalnih in padavinskih voda. Izdelane aglomeracije so osnovni element načrtovanja in ukrepanja tudi za druga vodnogospodarska načrtovanja (npr. proti poplavni ukrepi), lahko pa si bi jih uporabilo tudi za programe komunalnega opremljanja in druga razvojna načrtovanja v prostoru.
Koncept varstva pred škodljivim delovanjem voda se sistemsko nanaša na odnos med poplavno nevarnostjo, poplavno ranljivostjo in poplavno ogroženostjo. Doslej je bila pozornost usmerjena predvsem na ...postopke in vsebine, povezane s poplavno nevarnostjo. Pri raziskovalnem delu s partnerji pa obravnavamo tudi poplavno ranljivost in ogroženost, kar omogoča začetek procesov za sistemsko zmanjšanje slednje. V prispevku bo predstavljen osnovni teoretični pristop, ki opredeljuje poplavno ranljivost, in iz tega izhajajočo poplavno ogroženost, oboje v povezavi s poplavno nevarnostjo. Pri tem je ključnega pomena denarno vrednotenje poplavne ogroženosti oziroma pričakovane poplavne škode. Podajamo tudi ugotovitev, da v evidencah, ki so na voljo v Sloveniji, manjka podatek o koti pritličja objekta. V članku bo predstavljen nov koncept opredeljevanja poplavne ogroženosti glede na različne namene: interventno ukrepanje, izbor ukrepov za zmanjšanje poplavne nevarnosti, razvoj individualnih zaščitnih ukrepov idr. Vsi navedeni ukrepi imajo tudi prostorsko dimenzijo, ki jo upoštevamo kot merilo pri umeščanju v prostor. Tako bo posebej poudarjen vidik prostorskega umeščanja obravnave poplavne ogroženosti in njenega zmanjševanja, ki bi moral biti vključen tudi v dokumente, s katerimi se opredeljuje prostorski razvoj nekega območja ; The conceptual framework of flood management addresses the relationship among flood hazard, flood vulnerability and flood risk. Most of the active efforts in the Republic of Slovenia were focused towards flood hazard mapping. In this research, the issue of flood vulnerability and flood hazard is addressed in order to systematically reduce flood hazards. In this article, an advanced theoretical approach is presented, which defines flood vulnerability and (in connection to flood risk) provides information on flood hazards. Based upon this, it is possible to define flood hazards in monetary terms. This approach is setting forward special information that is missing from existing public registries, i.e. benchmark data. The article also presents a new concept of flood hazard definition, which is based upon different uses of flood hazard information: rescue and relief measures, optimization and selection of flood hazard mitigation measures, development of individual flood proofing measures, and other. All the listed measures have their spatial dimension, which is also a subject of positioning into space. In this framework, an information of spatial positioning of existing flood hazard and mitigation measures aiming at the reduction of flood hazard is challenged, especially from the point of view of development of documents that define development of specific area.
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