The growing interests in multiway data analysis and deep learning have drawn tensor factorization (TF) and neural network (NN) as the crucial topics. Conventionally, the NN model is estimated from a ...set of one-way observations. Such a vectorized NN is not generalized for learning the representation from multiway observations. The classification performance using vectorized NN is constrained, because the temporal or spatial information in neighboring ways is disregarded. More parameters are required to learn the complicated data structure. This paper presents a new tensor-factorized NN (TFNN), which tightly integrates TF and NN for multiway feature extraction and classification under a unified discriminative objective. This TFNN is seen as a generalized NN, where the affine transformation in an NN is replaced by the multilinear and multiway factorization for tensor-based NN. The multiway information is preserved through layerwise factorization. Tucker decomposition and nonlinear activation are performed in each hidden layer. The tensor-factorized error backpropagation is developed to train TFNN with the limited parameter size and computation time. This TFNN can be further extended to realize the convolutional TFNN (CTFNN) by looking at small subtensors through the factorized convolution. Experiments on real-world classification tasks demonstrate that TFNN and CTFNN attain substantial improvement when compared with an NN and a convolutional NN, respectively.
•This review clarifies the debates on the effects of glass particles on concrete properties.•The effects of glass on concrete properties depend on glass particle size and percentage.•Appropriate use ...of glass can improve the flowability and mechanical strength of concrete.•Using glass can improve the permeability and freezing-thawing resistance of concrete.•Reducing glass particle size is effective in suppressing ASR expansion.
While a large amount of waste glass is annually produced worldwide, a limited percentage of waste glass is recycled. Recycling glass in concrete has shown great promise in solid waste management because there is a high volume of concrete in civil infrastructure. However, a consensus on the effects of waste glass in concrete has not been achieved. Some researchers reported that the use of waste glass improved the properties of concrete, but some researchers reported opposite results. The inconsistent results of the effect of waste glass hinder the acceptance of glass in producing concrete. This review aims to clarify the debates and attempts to elucidate the opposite viewpoints. To this end, this paper reviews different results reported by different research groups and proposes new perspectives based on analyzing underlying mechanisms, considering different types of waste glass, including soda-lime, electric, lead, and borosilicate glass. The reviewed contents include the fresh properties, compressive strength, durability, thermal properties, electrical properties, and microstructure of concrete. This review is expected to advance the knowledge of recycling glass in producing concrete, point out future research needs, and facilitate wider adoption of waste glass concrete in developing sustainable and durable infrastructure.
Abstract
Defects can induce drastic changes of the electronic properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and influence their applications. It is still a great challenge to ...characterize small defects and correlate their structures with properties. Here, we show that tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) can obtain distinctly different Raman features of edge defects in atomically thin MoS
2
, which allows us to probe their unique electronic properties and identify defect types (e.g., armchair and zigzag edges) in ambient. We observed an edge-induced Raman peak (396 cm
−1
) activated by the double resonance Raman scattering (DRRS) process and revealed electron–phonon interaction in edges. We further visualize the edge-induced band bending region by using this DRRS peak and electronic transition region using the electron density-sensitive Raman peak at 406 cm
−1
. The power of TERS demonstrated in MoS
2
can also be extended to other 2D materials, which may guide the defect engineering for desired properties.
The effect of dispersion state of graphene on mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy composites was investigated. The graphene sheets were exfoliated from graphite oxide (GO) via thermal reduction ...(thermally reduced GO, RGO). Different dispersions of RGO sheets were prepared with and without ball mill mixing. It was found that the composites with highly dispersed RGO showed higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and strength than those with poorly dispersed RGO, although no significant differences in both the tensile and flexural moduli are caused by the different dispersion levels. In particular, the Tg was increased by nearly 11°C with the addition of 0.2wt.% well dispersed RGO to epoxy. As expected, the highly dispersed RGO also produced one or two orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity than the corresponding poorly dispersed RGO. Furthermore, an improved quasi-static fracture toughness (KIC) was measured in the case of good dispersion. The poorly and highly dispersed RGO at 0.2wt.% loading resulted in about 24% and 52% improvement in KIC of cured epoxy thermosets, respectively. RGO sheets were observed to bridge the micro-crack and debond/delaminate during fracture process due to the poor filler/matrix and filler/filler interface, which should be the key elements of the toughening effect.
► Find a new way to improve the antioxidant of whey protein isolate. ► Whey protein isolate (WPI) and seven types of sugars formed MRPs. ► The MRPs exhibited antioxidant activities. ► The MRPs may be ...used as natural antioxidants in food products. ► Study on the changes of the space and molecular of WPI after Maillard reaction.
The objective of this study was to determine antioxidant activities of water-soluble MRPs (Maillard reaction products) from the reactions between whey protein isolate (WPI) and xylose (X), glucose (G), fructose (F), lactose (L), maltose (M) and sucrose (S) at different initial pH values (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9). MRPs derived from the WPI-X system with increasing of pH rendered the highest browning, reducing power and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. SDS–PAGE analyses indicated formation of cross-linked proteins of large molecular mass produced from WPI-X systems. Results of FT-IR analysis indicated that the amide I, II and III bands of WPI from the WPI-X and WPI-G systems were changed by the Maillard reaction. CD spectroscopy showed that β-sheet, β-turns and random coil were increased while the α-helix was decreased after the WPI-G and WPI-X system aqueous solutions were heated. In conclusion, MRPs obtained from the WPI-X system had high antioxidant activity.
As one of the most important smart materials, fluorescent hydrogel actuators can produce both color and shape changes under external stimuli. In the present work, an effective approach to develop a ...novel fluorescent hydrogel actuator with pH and thermo dual responsiveness is proposed. Through incorporating pH‐responsive perylene tetracarboxylic acid (PTCA), which is a typical fluorescent moiety with aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect, into an anisotropic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)–polyacrylamide (PNIPAm‐PAAm) structure, the obtained hydrogel exhibits stable thermoresponsive shape deformation and switchable fluorescence performance upon a pH trigger. Therefore, fluorescence‐quenching‐based and actuation‐based information can be revealed when exposed to UV light and immersed into warm water, respectively. Moreover, the thermoresponsive actuating behavior can be applied to further hide the fluorescence‐quenching‐based images. The present work may provide new insights into the design and preparation of novel stimuli‐responsive hydrogel actuators.
A novel fluorescent hydrogel with Janus structure is fabricated. The hydrogel exhibits pH‐responsive fluorescence and thermally induced actuating behaviors, which may provide new insights into the design and fabrication of novel intelligent materials.
Intestinal dysfunction of farm animals, such as intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota, is the critical problem affecting animal welfare, performance and farm profitability. China has ...prohibited the use of antibiotics to improve feed efficiency and growth performance for farm animals, including poultry, in 2020. With the advantages of maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing digestion, and absorption and modulating gut microbiota, organic acids are regarded as promising antibiotic alternatives. Butyric and citric acids as presentative organic acids positively impact growth performance, welfare, and intestinal health of livestock mainly by reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH. This review summarizes the discovery of butyric acid (BA), citric acid (CA) and their salt forms, molecular structure and properties, metabolism, biological functions and their applications in poultry nutrition. The research findings about BA, CA and their salts on rats, pigs and humans are also briefly reviewed. Therefore, this review will fill the knowledge gaps of the scientific community and may be of great interest for poultry nutritionists, researchers and feed manufacturers about these two weak organic acids and their effects on intestinal health and gut microbiota community, with the hope of providing safe, healthy and nutrient-rich poultry products to consumers.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders in humans, partly because it is closely related to metabolic disorders of the liver with increasing ...prevalence. NAFLD begins with hepatic lipid accumulation, which may cause inflammation and eventually lead to fibrosis in the liver. Numerous studies have demonstrated the close relationship between gut dysfunction (especially the gut microbiota and its metabolites) and the occurrence and progression of NAFLD. The bidirectional communication between the gut and liver, named the gut-liver axis, is mainly mediated by the metabolites derived from both the liver and gut through the biliary tract, portal vein, and systemic circulation. Herein, we review the effects of the gut-liver axis on the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We also comprehensively describe the potential molecular mechanisms from the perspective of the role of liver-derived metabolites and gut-related components in hepatic metabolism and inflammation and gut health, respectively. The study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying current summarizations that support the intricate interactions between a disordered gut and NAFLD and can provide novel strategies to lessen the prevalence and consequence of NAFLD.
•A new SVR model to forecast the demand response baseline for office buildings.•Take temperature two hours before DR event can improve the forecasting accuracy.•The forecasting accuracy is better ...than other seven existing methods in DR programs.•The model is very generic and can be applied to a wide variety of office buildings.
Demand Response (DR) aims at improving the operation efficiency of power plants and grids, and it constitutes an effective means of reducing grid risk during peak periods to ensure the safety of power supplies. One key challenge related to DR is the calculation of load baselines. A fair and accurate baseline serves as useful information for resource planners and system operators who wish to implement DR programs. In the meantime, baseline calculation cannot be too complex, and in most cases, only weather data input is permitted. Inspired by the strong non-linear capabilities of Support Vector Regression (SVR), this paper proposes a new SVR forecasting model with the ambient temperature of two hours before DR event as input variables. We use electricity loads for four typical office buildings as sample data to test the method. After analyzing the model prediction results, we find that the SVR model offers a higher degree of prediction accuracy and stability in short-term load forecasting compared to the other seven traditional forecasting models.
The effects of covalent cross-linking of soy protein isolate (SPI-12%) with tannic acid (TA-29,58,88,117,146 μmol/g SPI) in an alkaline environment on the structure, antioxidant activity and gelation ...characteristics of SPI-TA conjugates were found to improve all properties. After alkali treatment, the tryptophan content in the conjugate decreased and the covalent binding rate increased. The addition of TA initiated irreversible SPI modifications, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The texture analysis of the gel showed that hardness and elasticity were optimal at pH 11, and the rheological properties of the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) increased with higher TA concentrations. Analysis of the microstructure indicates that an increase in TA concentration results in a more compact network structure. Our results indicate that pH-dependent interactions between SPI and TA modify the formation of the gel in a way that improves the rheology and textural properties of the gels.
Display omitted
•Hydrogels were formed by soy protein isolate (SPI) and tannic acid (TA).•The covalent cross-linking reaction changed the secondary and tertiary structure of SPI.•Crosslinking with TA further improved the antioxidant capacity of SPI.•Higher pH value induced the covalently reactive of stable hydrogel by SPI and TA.
PDF
