Background
Onychomycosis is a common disorder, and high prevalence figures are commonly cited in the literature.
Objectives
Evaluate the prevalence of onychomycosis based on published studies.
...Methods
Relevant studies were identified in Medline by using specific search criteria.
Results
Eleven population‐based and 21 hospital‐based studies were identified. The mean prevalence in Europe and North America was 4.3% 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.9–6.8 in the population‐based studies, but it was 8.9% (95% CI: 4.3–13.6) for the hospital‐based studies. Both population‐based and hospital‐based studies showed that onychomycosis is more common in toenails and is seen more frequently in males. The main causative agent was a dermatophyte in 65.0% (95% CI: 51.9–78.1) of the cases. Trichophyton rubrum was the single most common fungus and was cultured on average in 44.9% of the cases (95% CI: 33.8–56.0). Moulds were found on average in 13.3% (95% CI: 4.6–22.1) and yeasts in 21.1% (95% CI: 11.0–31.3).
Limitations
We may not have been able to locate all studies.
Conclusions
Onychomycosis is a common disorder, but it may not be as common as cited in the literature, because hospital‐based studies might overestimate the prevalence of onychomycosis. It is more frequent in males, and toenails are more commonly affected. Dermatophytes, particularly T. rubrum, are the main causative agents.
Obesity affects many organ systems. There have been few studies on the ophthalmological effects of obesity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in the ophthalmological parameters ...in obese children.
The study included 61 obese and 35 age-and gender-matched control subjects. Obesity was defined as body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) >2 SD. Children with a BMI-SDS between >-1 SD and <+1 SD whilst otherwise healthy were recruited as the control group. All clinical and ophthalmological investigations were performed by a pediatric endocrinologist and an experienced ophthalmologist. The ophthalmological examination and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement was performed. The average retinal fiber layer (RNFL), retinal ganglion cell (RGC), central macular thickness (CMT), cup-to-disk ratio (C/D), and central choroidal thickness (CT) were measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The anthropometric, biochemical, and ophthalmological parameters of the obese and control subjects were compared.
IOP was higher in the obese group compared to the control group (P = 0.008), whereas the average RNFL was lower in the obese group (P = 0.035). There was a negative correlation between the average RNFL and BMI-SDS (P = -0.044) and waist-hip ratio (P = 0.015). There was no statistically significant difference between the RGC, C/D, CMT, and CT of the obese and control groups. IOP was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR, body fat mass, body fat percentage, and diastolic blood pressure.
In the present study, which evaluated obesity and its effects on ophthalmological parameters, the elevated IOP and decreased RNFL thickness detected in the obese group may suggest an increased risk for these patients of developing glaucoma at a younger age. Therefore, regular ophthalmological examinations of obese children are essential for prompt diagnosis and appropriate management.
Background
Hoigné syndrome is the most common name given to a condition which has been called in different ways.
Objective
We want to show that an intralesional injection of prednisolone into the ...proximal nail fold may produce dorsal pain, dyspnoea and headaches within the 2 min following the injection and to explain the pathophysiology of his condition.
Methods
We studied the different drugs responsible for Hoigné syndrome by comparing the size of the crystals taking into account the diameter of pulmonary capillaries. The drug Company informed us that the size of the microcrystals were 2–4 μm vs. the 8 μm on average of the diameter of the pulmonary capillaries.
Conclusion
All the symptoms of Hoigné syndrome can be explained, especially the neuropsychiatric and neuropulmonary ones. Therefore, dermatologists should be aware of this phenomenon when they inject steroids in psoriatic nail patients.
The adsorption of silica nanoparticles onto representative mineral surfaces and at the decane/water interface was studied. The effects of particle size (the mean diameters from 5 to 75 nm), ...concentration and surface type on the adsorption were studied in detail. Silica nanoparticles with four different surfaces unmodified, surface modified with anionic (sulfonate), cationic (quaternary ammonium (quat)) or nonionic (polyethylene glycol (PEG)) surfactant were used. The zeta potential of these silica nanoparticles ranges from −79.8 to 15.3 mV. The shape of silica particles examined by a Hitachi-S5500 scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is quite spherical. The adsorption of all the nanoparticles (unmodified or surface modified) on quartz and calcite surfaces was found to be insignificant. We used interfacial tension (IFT) measurements to investigate the adsorption of silica nanoparticles at the decane/water interface. Unmodified nanoparticles or surface modified ones with sulfonate or quat do not significantly affect the IFT of the decane/water interface. It also does not appear that the particle size or concentration influences the IFT. However, the presence of PEG as a surface modifying material significantly reduces the IFT. The PEG surface modifier alone in an aqueous solution, without the nanoparticles, yields the same IFT reduction for an equivalent PEG concentration as that used for modifying the surface of nanoparticles. Contact angle measurements of a decane droplet on quartz or calcite plate immersed in water (or aqueous nanoparticle dispersion) showed a slight change in the contact angle in the presence of the studied nanoparticles. The results of contact angle measurements are in good agreement with experiments of adsorption of nanoparticles on mineral surfaces or decane/water interface. This study brings new insights into the understanding and modeling of the adsorption of surface-modified silica nanoparticles onto mineral surfaces and water/decane interface.
Longitudinal subungual acanthoma Baran, R.; Moulonguet, I.; Cannata, G.
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology,
April 2022, 2022-Apr, 2022-04-00, 20220401, Letnik:
36, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Summary
Onychomycosis is a common nail disease, responsible for up to 50% of diseases of the nail. The distribution of different pathogens is not uniform; it depends on various factors such as ...climate, geography and migration. However, studies have revealed that two dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, account for more than 90% of onychomycoses. Onychomycosis can be divided into four major clinical presentations: distal subungal (the most common form of the disease), proximal subungal (the most common form found in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection), and superficial and total dystrophic onychomycosis. Onychomycosis is a multifactorial disease. Age has a very important effect on the occurrence of onychomycosis, with a correlation between increasing age and infection. Genetics has also been identified as a factor governing the epidemiology of onychomycosis; T. rubrum infection shows a familial pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance. Disease and lifestyle may also play a role in the epidemiology of fungal nail infections. Studies have shown that diabetes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and peripheral arterial disease may be independent predictors of onychomycosis. Because of the multifactorial nature of the epidemiology, accurate diagnosis, pertinent treatment and patient education must be paramount when treating the disease.
ABSTRACT
Background Onychomycosis is a relatively common disease accounting for up to 50% of all nail disorders and its prevalence rises with age. As onychomycosis is an important medical disorder ...affecting both patient's health and quality of life, it requires prompt and effective treatment.
Objective Topical antifungal nail lacquers have been formulated to provide efficient delivery to the nail unit. As both amorolfine and ciclopirox have proved useful as monotherapy for onychomycosis that does not involve the nail matrix area, the purpose of this article is to check if, when combined with oral agents, the effectiveness and scope of treatment can be improved further.
Methods Combining data for mycological cure with clinical success (nail morphology) provides a more exacting efficacy measure.
Results Clinical investigations have shown that the combination of oral therapies with antifungal nail lacquer can confer considerable advantage over monotherapy with either drug type.
Conclusion The improved effectiveness and economic advantages of combined topical/oral therapies benefit both patients and health providers; these treatment regimens therefore have an important role to play in the modern management of onychomycosis.
Surface functional groups play important roles in nucleating calcium phosphate deposition on surgical titanium implants. In this study, various functional groups were introduced onto the surface of ...commercially pure titanium foils using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) technique. An organic silane, 7-oct-1-enyltrichlorosilane (OETS) was used and OH, PO
4H
2, COOH groups were derived from its unsaturated double bond. Ti foils were first oxidized in concentrated H
2SO
4/H
2O
2. ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the SAM surfaces and confirm the presence of various functional groups. A fast calcium phosphate deposition experiment was carried out by mixing Ca
2+- and (PO
4)
3−-containing solutions in the presence of the surface-modified Ti samples at pH 7.4 at room temperature in order to verify the nucleating abilities of these functional groups. SEM, Raman spectroscopy, XRD and ATR-FTIR results showed that poorly crystallized hydroxyapatite (HA) can be deposited on the SAM surfaces with PO
4H
2 and –COOH functional groups, but not onto the SAM with –CHCH
2 and –OH. –PO
4H
2 exhibited a stronger nucleating ability than that of –COOH. The oxidized Ti sample also showed some calcium phosphate deposition but to a lesser extent as compared to SAM surfaces with –PO
4H
2 and –COOH. The pre-deposited HA can rapidly induce biomimetic apatite layer formation after immersion in 1.5 SBF for 18
h regardless of the amount of pre-deposited HA. The results suggested that the pre-deposition of HA onto these functionalized SAM surfaces might be an effective and fast way to prepare biomimetic apatite coatings on surgical implants.
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