Electroluminescence in organic semiconductors strongly depends on the relative population of excited singlet and triplet excitonic states resulting from recombination of injected carriers. In ...conventional organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) optical emission is usually based on fluorescence from excited singlet states1, although phosphorescence from triplets is also investigated2. Governing the spin statistics of the injected carriers would open the way to amplify a chosen electronic transition increasing therefore the OLED efficiency. Direct injection of carriers with high degree of spin polarisation along a given axis should lead to preferential population of either singlet or triplet excited states, depending on the relative electrodes polarisation. Here we report a first experimental evidence of direct spin polarised (SP) injection in sexithienyl (T6), a prototypical organic semiconductor, from half-metallic manganites. The spin penetration depth in T6 is about 250-300 nm at room temperature. The results are discussed taking into account possible spin-flip mechanisms in organic material and interface effects.
Detailed measurements of the critical current density jc of YBa2Cu3O7 films grown by pulsed laser deposition reveal the increase of jc as function of the filmthickness. Both this thickness dependence ...and the field dependence of the critical current are consistently described using a generalization of the theory of strong pinning of Ovchinnikov and Ivlev Phys. Rev. B 43, 8024 (1991). From the model, we deduce values of the defect density (10^21 m^-3) and the elementary pinning force, which are in good agreement with the generally accepted values for Y2O3-inclusions. In the absence of clear evidence that the critical current is determined by linear defects or modulations of the film thickness, our model provides an alternative explanation for the rather universal field dependence of the critical current density found in YBa2Cu3O7 films deposited by different methods.
A method of localizing brain activity by a new combination of magnetic and electrical recording, relative covariance, is described. The successful application of this method to alpha EEG is reported. ...Spontaneous human brain activity was recorded simultaneously with fixed scalp electrodes and a movable magnetometer. The analysis was restricted to the alpha rhythm, which was selected by a narrow bandpass filter centered at the observed alpha frequency. For each magnetometer location, the ratio of the covariance of the magnetic and electric signals to the electric variance was calculated, producing a map reflecting the magnetic field pattern. Clear maxima of opposite polarity over the left and right parietotemporal areas indicate bilateral current source areas near the midline, in the vicinity of the calcarine fissure, at a depth of 4-6 cm from the scalp. This relative covariance method may prove generally useful in localizing bioelectrical sources such as spontaneous brain rhythms.
The transport properties of Nb/CuMn multilayers with a regular array of
electron beam lithography obtained antidots have been measured at different
temperatures in the presence of external ...perpendicular magnetic fields.
Hysteretical I-V characteristics have been observed which disappear when
approaching the upper critical magnetic field curve H_{c2}(T). Comparing these
data with other results (Arrhenius plots of resistive transition curves,
logV-logI characteristics) we have been able to relate the onset of the
hysteresis to the presence of an irreversibility line. We discuss several
possible mechanisms to clarify the nature of this line. Among them the most
plausible seems to be the vortex melting mainly induced by quantum
fluctuations.
YBa sub 2 Cu sub 3 O sub 7--x single crystals have been grown by flux methods, having critical temperature T sub c = 92K, and orthorhombic distortion not detectable either by X-ray or by electron ...diffraction (difference between a and b lattice constants smaller than 7 x 10 exp --3 A). In such crystals, transmission-electron-microscopy investigations have shown the presence of a domain structure, and electron-diffraction measurements have revealed the occurrence of a new superstructure along the c axis. This superstructure consists in a systematic crossing of the Cu--O chains in alternate (001) planes, which causes a doubling of the c lattice parameter and a strong decrease of the orthorhombic distortion. The occurrence of this superstructure is probably induced by tiny dopant impurities, and it can explain the discrepancies existing among the reports by several authors about the amount of orthorhombic distortion of YBa sub 2 Cu sub 3 O sub 7--x single crystals. 21 ref.--AA
The transport properties of Nb/CuMn multilayers with a regular array of electron beam lithography obtained antidots have been measured at different temperatures in the presence of external ...perpendicular magnetic fields. Hysteretical I-V characteristics have been observed which disappear when approaching the upper critical magnetic field curve H_{c2}(T). Comparing these data with other results (Arrhenius plots of resistive transition curves, logV-logI characteristics) we have been able to relate the onset of the hysteresis to the presence of an irreversibility line. We discuss several possible mechanisms to clarify the nature of this line. Among them the most plausible seems to be the vortex melting mainly induced by quantum fluctuations.
