The Limits of Acute Anemia Tomić Mahečić, Tina; Brooks, Roxane; Noitz, Matthias ...
Journal of clinical medicine,
09/2022, Letnik:
11, Številka:
18
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
For many years, physicians’ approach to the transfusion of allogeneic red blood cells (RBC) was not individualized. It was accepted that a hemoglobin concentration (Hb) of less than 10 g/dL was a ...general transfusion threshold and the majority of patients were transfused immediately. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that even significantly lower hemoglobin concentrations can be survived in the short term without sequelae. This somehow contradicts the observation that moderate or mild anemia is associated with relevant long-term morbidity and mortality. To resolve this apparent contradiction, it must be recognized that we have to avoid acute anemia or treat it by alternative methods. The aim of this article is to describe the physiological limits of acute anemia, match these considerations with clinical realities, and then present “patient blood management” (PBM) as the therapeutic concept that can prevent both anemia and unnecessary transfusion of RBC concentrates in a clinical context, especially in Intensive Care Units (ICU). This treatment concept may prove to be the key to high-quality patient care in the ICU setting in the future.
: Differences in blood pressure can influence the risk of brain ischemia, perioperative complications, and postoperative neurocognitive function in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
: ...In this single-center trial, patients scheduled for CEA under general anesthesia were randomized into an intervention group receiving near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-guided blood pressure management during carotid cross-clamping and a control group receiving standard care. The primary endpoint was postoperative neurocognitive function assessed before surgery, on postoperative days 1 and 7, and eight weeks after surgery. Perioperative complications and cerebral autoregulatory capacity were secondary endpoints.
: Systolic blood pressure (
< 0.001) and norepinephrine doses (89 (54-122) vs. 147 (116-242) µg;
< 0.001) during carotid cross-clamping were lower in the intervention group. No group differences in postoperative neurocognitive function were observed. The rate of perioperative complications was lower in the intervention group than in the control group (3.3 vs. 26.7%,
= 0.03). The breath-holding index did not differ between groups.
: Postoperative neurocognitive function was comparable between CEA patients undergoing general anesthesia in whom arterial blood pressure during carotid cross-clamping was guided using NIRS and subjects receiving standard care. NIRS-guided, individualized arterial blood pressure management resulted in less vasopressor exposition and a lower rate of perioperative complications.
Over the last decades, individualized approaches and a better understanding of coagulopathy complexity in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients has evolved. The risk of both thrombosis and bleeding ...during minimally invasive interventions or surgery is associated with a worse outcome in this patient population. Despite deranged quantitative and qualitative coagulation laboratory parameters, prophylactic coagulation management is unnecessary for patients who do not bleed. Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) and blood products carries independent risks for morbidity and mortality, including modulation of the immune system with increased risk for nosocomial infections. Optimal coagulation management in these complex patients should be based on the analysis of standard coagulation tests (SCTs) and viscoelastic tests (VETs). VETs represent an individualized approach to patients and can provide information about coagulation dynamics in a concise period of time. This narrative review will deliver the pathophysiology of deranged hemostasis in ESLD, explore the difficulties of evaluating the coagulopathies in liver disease patients, and examine the use of VET assays and management of coagulopathy using coagulation factors. Methods: A selective literature search with PubMed as the central database was performed with the following.
Specificity of Migraine Treatment in Women Bačić Baronica, Koraljka; Tomasović, Sanja; Košćak Lukač, Jelena ...
Archives of psychiatry research,
02/2023, Letnik:
59, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The prevalence of migraine is higher in women than in men, with female to male ratio 3:1 in reproductive age. It is believed that sex hormones play significant role in migraine pathogenesis. ...Therefore, treatment of migraine in women has some specificities due to hormonal differences between sexes and due to hormonal fluctuations during menstrual cycle, pregnancy, lactation and perimenopause. Treatment of migraine during pregnancy depends on safety profile of the therapy. NSAID-s like naproxen and ibuprofen are being considered safe during the second trimester, but during the first and third trimester they may have adverse effects on pregnancy and foetus. CGRP antagonists should be avoided during pregnancy. Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac are considered to be safe acute therapy during breastfeeding and for preventive treatment propranolol should be used as first line therapy. Women with severe menstrual and menstrual related migraine without aura may be treated with hormonal therapy, whereas it should be avoided among patients with aura due to increased risk of stroke.
Termin otežani dišni put odnosi se na teškoće pri intubaciji i ekstubaciji. U ovom radu prikazujemo otežanu ekstubaciju i postupak zbrinjavanja dišnog puta u bolesnice nakon učinjene parotidektomije. ...Iako postoje smjernice za otežani dišni put, ne postoje jasne upute za mehanički uzrokovanu otežanu ekstubaciju kada se endotrahealni tubus ne može izvaditi. Takva stanja rijetko se spominju u literaturi, obično u obliku prikaza bolesnika. Nemogućnost vađenja endotrahealnog tubusa zbog mehaničkih uzroka hitno je stanje, stoga nalaže izradu smjernica i algoritma postupanja. Algoritam koji smo rabili u ovom slučaju protekao je bez komplikacija i bolesnica se dobro oporavila.
Invazivne gljivne infekcije (IGI) važan su problem suvremene medicine. Razlog tomu jesu rastući broj imunokompromitiranih bolesnika te visoke stope morbiditeta i mortaliteta zbog ovih infekcija. ...Pravodobno postavljena dijagnoza IGI-ja od presudne je važnosti jer odgađanje primjene antifungalne terapije utječe na ishod liječenja bolesnika. Kultivacija kao konvencionalna dijagnostička metoda ima nisku osjetljivost, dugo traje i nalaže uzimanje invazivnog uzorka. Zbog toga se posljednjih dvadesetak godina radi ranije i osjetljivije dijagnostike istražuju i primjenjuju fungalni biomarkeri. 1,3-β-D-glukan (BDG) fungalni je biomarker odrediv u serumu bolesnika kojim se može dokazati prisutnost ovih gljivnih patogena: Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Acremonium, Coccidioides immitis, Fusarium spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, Trichosporon spp., Sporothrix schenckii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae i Pneumocystis jirovecii. Zbog niske razine odnosno nepostojanja BDG-a u staničnoj stijenci ovim se testom ne mogu dokazati vrste roda Cryptococcus spp. i reda Mucorales. Visoka negativna prediktivna vrijednost BDG-a u slučaju negativne vrijednosti može se iskoristiti za donošenje odluke o prekidu antifungalne terapije i biti dio strategije upravljanja primjenom antifungalnih lijekova u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja. Kod hematoloških bolesnika BDG se može primjenjivati radi probira i u sklopu dijagnostičke obrade pri sumnji na IGI. Pouzdanost testa kod pojedinog bolesnika veća je u slučaju dvaju ili više uzastopno pozitivnih rezultata. Utjecaj antifungalne profilakse na rezultate testa BDG-a još je nejasan. Kinetiku BDG-a za sada je teško korelirati s kliničkim ishodom. Pedijatrijskim bolesnicima još nisu definirane granične vrijednosti za interpretaciju vrijednosti BDG-a iako su o tome objavljena brojna istraživanja. Trenutačno vrijedeće smjernice i dalje ne preporučuju primjenu ovoga fungalnog biomarkera kao rutinskoga dijagnostičkog testa u djece, premda može poslužiti u određenim situacijama uzimajući u obzir njegova ograničenja. BDG kao fungalni biomarker važan je napredak u dijagnostici IGI-ja te uz istodobnu primjenu ostalih dijagnostičkih metoda, ispravnu interpretaciju i racionalnu primjenu može pomoći
ranijem i uspješnijem postavljanju dijagnoze i liječenju bolesnika s IGI jem.
During neurosurgery procedures it is vital to assure optimal cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. Despite physiological autoregulation of brain perfusion, maintaining hemodynamic stability and good ...oxygenation during anesthesia is vital for success. General anesthesia with mechanical ventilation and current drugs provide excellent hemodynamic condition and it is the first choice for most neurosurgery procedures. However, sometimes it is very hard to avoid brief increase or decrease in blood pressure especially during period of intense pain, or without pain stimulation. This could be detrimental for patients presented with high intracranial pressure and brain edema. Modifying anesthesia depth or treatment with vasoactive drugs usually is needed to overcome such circumstances. On the other hand it is important to wake the patients quickly after anesthesia for neurological exam. That is why regional anesthesia of scalp and spine could show beneficial effects by decreasing pain stimuli and hemodynamic variability with sparing effect of anesthetics drugs. Also regional techniques provide excellent postoperative pain relief, especially after spinal surgery.
Background and Purpose: For elective neurosurgery procedures maintaining perioperative hemodynamic stability and optimal cerebral perfusion is of outmost importance. Beside numerous anesthetics ...techniques, risk of hemodynamic instability is still very high.
Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed perioperative
values of heart rate and arterial blood pressure in 39 patients who underwent neurosurgery. We combined general anesthesia with scalp block. We blocked the supraorbital, supratrochlear, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal, greater occipital, and lesser occipital nerves with 0,5% chirocaine, including 5 μg/mL of epinephrine that was performed after general anesthesia
induction, before pin placement. Heart rate and blood pressure values
were measured before anesthesia induction, after induction, after pins placement, after craniotomy and at the end of surgery. Changes of heart rate and blood pressure values less than 20% after painful stimuli was considered as a good hemodynamic stability of applied anesthetic technique.
Result: Scalp block was successfully performed in all patients without
complications. Measured values of heart rate and blood pressure before and after anesthesia induction compered to values after painful stimuli werewithin the 20% change.
Conclusion: Scalp block, combined with general anesthesia provide good hemodynamic stability during neurosurgery.
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