Polygonaceae has a complex taxonomic history, although a few studies using plastid or nuclear DNA fragments have explored relationships within this family, intrafamilial relationships remain ...controversial. Here, we newly sequenced and annotated 17 plastomes representing 12 genera within Polygonaceae. Combined with previously published data, a total of 49 plastomes representing 22/46 Polygonaceae genera and 16/20 Polygonoideae genera were collected to infer the phylogeny of Polygonaceae, with an emphasis on Polygonoideae. Plastome comparisons revealed high conservation within Polygonoideae in structure and gene order. Phylogenetic analyses using both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods revealed two major clades and seven tribes within Polygonoideae. BEAST and S-DIVA analyses suggested a Paleocene origin of Polygonoideae in Asia. While most genera of Polygonoideae originated and further diversified in Asia, a few genera experienced multiple long-distance dispersal events from Eurasia to North America after the Miocene, with a few dispersal events to the Southern Hemisphere also being detected. Both ancient vicariance and long-distance events have played important roles in shaping the current distribution pattern of Polygonoideae.
Entropy creation by a blood-hybrid nanofluid flow with gold-tantalum nanoparticles in a tilted cylindrical artery with composite stenosis under the influence of Joule heating, body acceleration, and ...thermal radiation is the focus of this research. Using the Sisko fluid model, the non-Newtonian behaviour of blood is investigated. The finite difference (FD) approach is used to solve the equations of motion and entropy for a system subject to certain constraints. The optimal heat transfer rate with respect to radiation, Hartmann number, and nanoparticle volume fraction is calculated using a response surface technique and sensitivity analysis. The impacts of significant parameters such as Hartmann number, angle parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, body acceleration amplitude, radiation, and Reynolds number on the velocity, temperature, entropy generation, flow rate, shear stress of wall, and heat transfer rate are exhibited via the graphs and tables. Present results disclose that the flow rate profile increase by improving the Womersley number and the opposite nature is noticed in nanoparticle volume fraction. The total entropy generation reduces by improving radiation. The Hartmann number expose a positive sensitivity for all level of nanoparticle volume fraction. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the radiation and nanoparticle volume fraction showed a negative sensitivity for all magnetic field levels. It is seen that the presence of hybrid nanoparticles in the bloodstream leads to a more substantial reduction in the axial velocity of blood compared to Sisko blood. An increase in the volume fraction results in a noticeable decrease in the volumetric flow rate in the axial direction, while higher values of infinite shear rate viscosity lead to a significant reduction in the magnitude of the blood flow pattern. The blood temperature exhibits a linear increase with respect to the volume fraction of hybrid nanoparticles. Specifically, utilizing a hybrid nanofluid with a volume fraction of 3% leads to a 2.01316% higher temperature compared to the base fluid (blood). Similarly, a 5% volume fraction corresponds to a temperature increase of 3.45093%.
We prepared a series of sodium phosphate glasses by changing WO
3
/P
2
O
5
content and investigated structure optical and radiation shielding features as a function of the glass composition. The ...average density (
ρ
exp
)was found to increase gradually from 2.49 to 3.07 g/cm
3
, while the average molar volume values reduced from 47.37 to 44.28 cm
3
/mol with WO
3
addition. Also, the average field strength was also computed and found to increase with increasing WO
3
. The study of optical absorption spectra reveals that the absorption peaks in the visible region become higher compared to the peaks In the Ultraviolet region. This observation is accompanied by a color transformation of glasses from light to dark blue color, with more WO
3
adding. The existence of a pentavalent tungsten state (W
5+
) is identified by this blue color; with WO
3
addition an absorption band at around 350–390 nm is appeared. Moreover, this band is overlapped with the Urbach edge, which regularly produces an artificial edge-like feature at ~ 400 nm. A detailed deconvolution protocol is required for an appropriate understanding of these spectra and unraveling the hidden Urbach edge. Our analysis shows that, with increasing WO
3
/P
2
O
5
content, the optical band gap decreases. This behavior can be elucidated in terms of a lower band gap of WO
3
(2.7 eV) than that of P
2
O
5
(8.5 eV) and the high polarizing power tungsten. Further, the radiation shielding parameters were investigated for the prepared glasses. WO
3
addition improves these shielding parameters against radiation. Besides, upon the increase of WO
3
concentration, the linear attenuation coefficient of glass material increases, which leads to decrease in have value layer values. Then it is deducible that the amount of WO
3
in this glass sample has an important impact on the shielding capability at lower energy values and has a slight impact at higher energy values.
A chatter mark is a result of irregular vibration that affects the milling process, which results in poor surface finish, reduced work quality, machine impairment, and high production cost. This work ...presents an active feedback controller design using a new response matrix to suppress the free vibration in the milling process. The proposed controller considers feed rate, tooth passing frequency, and time-varying dynamic milling force coefficients. A milling experiment verifies the effect of the proposed method. The method provides a reliable way of tackling chatter vibration in an industrial process. The procedure is technically and economically beneficial.
Five glass samples with the composition of 20CdO–10SrO–(70 −
x
) B
2
O
3
–
x
MoO
3
, where
x
= 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%, were analyzed for their radiation shielding properties. The study seeks to ...observe the effect of increasing the concentration of MoO
3
on gamma photon shielding features. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of the fabricated glasses was measured experimentally at five different gamma-ray energies 0.662, 0.184, 0.28, 0.71, and 0.81 MeV. Moreover, the LAC's experimental results of all fabricated glass samples were compared with the Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5) and XCOM program. The measured data and those obtained theoretically using the MCNP-5 code and XCOM program showed strong compatibility. Various parameters were analyzed to determine the glasses' viability as radiation shields, including mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, radiation protection efficiency, transmission factor, half-value layer, and mean free path. The data were recorded and plotted, and it was determined that the glass coded as MB20 is the most efficient radiation shield out of the investigated samples. The experimental measurements depict that the highest LAC obtained at gamma photon energy 0.184 MeV decreased in the range between 0.557 and 0.894 cm
−1
, while the lowest obtained at 0.81 MeV and decreased from 0.218 to 0.38 cm
−1
for the investigated glass samples MB0 and MB20, respectively.
Understanding how species have adapted and responded to past climate provides insights into the present geographical distribution and may improve predictions of how biotic communities will respond to ...future climate change. Therefore, estimating the distribution and potentially suitable habitats is essential for conserving sensitive species such as Garuga forrestii W.W.Sm., a tree species endemic to China. The potential climatic zones of G. forrestii were modelled in MaxEnt software using 24 geographic points and nine environmental variables for the current and future (2050 and 2070) conditions under two climate representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) scenarios. The resulting ecological niche models (ENMs) demonstrated adequate internal assessment metrics, with all AUC and TSS values being >0.79 and a pROC of >1.534. Our results also showed that the distribution of G. forrestii was primarily influenced by temperature seasonality (% contribution = 12%), elevation (% contribution = 27.5%), and precipitation of the wettest month (% contribution = 35.6%). Our findings also indicated that G. forrestii might occupy an area of 309,516.2 km2 in southwestern China. We note that the species has a potential distribution in three provinces, including Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guangxi. A significant decline in species range is observed under the future worst case of high-emissions scenario (RCP8.5), with about 19.5% and 20% in 2050 and 2070, respectively. Similarly, higher elevations shift northward to southern parts of Sichuan province in 2050 and 2070. Thus, this study helps highlight the vulnerability of the species, response to future climate and provides an insight to assess habitat suitability for conservation management.
Understanding how species adapt to extreme environments is an extension of the main goals of evolutionary biology. While alpine plants are an ideal system for investigating the genetic basis of ...high-altitude adaptation, genomic resources in these species are still limited. In the present study, we generated reference-level transcriptomic data of five Saussurea species through high-throughput sequencing and de novo assembly. Three of them are located in the highland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), and the other two are close relatives distributed in the lowland. A series of comparative and evolutionary genomics analyses were conducted to explore the genetic signatures of adaptive evolution to high-altitude environments. Estimation of divergence time using single-copy orthologs revealed that Saussurea species diversified during the Miocene, a period with extensive tectonic movement and climatic fluctuation on the QTP. We characterized gene families specific to the alpine species, including genes involved in oxidoreductase activity, pectin catabolic process, lipid transport, and polysaccharide metabolic process, which may play important roles in defense of hypoxia and freezing temperatures of the QTP. Furthermore, in a phylogenetic context with the branch model, we identified hundreds of genes with signatures of positive selection. These genes are involved in DNA repair, membrane transport, response to UV-B and hypoxia, and reproductive processes, as well as some metabolic processes associated with nutrient intake, potentially responsible for Saussurea adaptation to the harsh environments of high altitude. Overall, our study provides valuable genomic resources for alpine species and gained helpful insights into the genomic basis of plants adapting to extreme environments.
Species of Rheum have high medicinal value, with the center of diversity in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) and adjacent regions. However, phylogenetic relationships of Rheum are still unclear due to ...fragment markers providing insufficient informative loci. Here, we sequenced and annotated plastomes of nine Rheum species, and compared the genome structure among the novel nine species along with three published species. Comparative analyses revealed that plastomes of Rheum share a relatively conserved structure. Five highly divergent regions (accD, ccsA, matK, ndhF, and ndhH) can be used as valuable molecular markers for further species delimitation and population genetic studies. Twenty‐two accessions representing 17 species were used for phylogenetic analysis, which generated a robust phylogenetic tree and revealed two major clades within Rheum. Phylogenetic results showed that glasshouse structures and cushions of Rheum are results of parallel evolution during adaptation to similar environments. Inconsistent tree topology between concatenated and coalescent methods was detected, implying that incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization may have occurred in the evolutionary history of Rheum. Divergence time estimation based on two fossil calibrations and three secondary calibrations revealed a Miocene to middle Oligocene origin of Rheum. Our study provides valuable genomic resources for the medicinally important genus Rheum, while gaining helpful insights into its systematics and evolution.
Twenty‐two accessions representing 18 species were used for phylogenetic analysis, which generated a robust phylogenetic tree and revealed two major clades within Rheum. Phylogenetic results showed that glasshouse structures and cushions of Rheum are results of parallel evolution during adaptation to similar environments. Inconsistent tree topology between concatenated and coalescent methods was detected, implying that incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization may occur in the evolutionary history of Rheum.
Species adaptation and their response to the warming climate offer understanding into the present geographical distribution and may assist in improving predictions regarding the expected response to ...future climate change. As a result, assessing the distribution and potentially suitable habitats is key for conserving important vulnerable species such as Perkinsiodendron macgregorii, a rare tree species of high ornamental value distributed only in the subtropical forests of China. In this study, 101 sampling points distributed in China and 11 climatic variables were selected and imported into the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). We simulated the spatiotemporal dynamics of potential habitats under past, current, and future (2050s and 2070s) scenarios and found that the total suitable area for P. macgregorii is 1.67 × 106 km2 in recent times. This area is mainly located in seven provinces of southern China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi). The habitat centroid of P. macgregorii has been in Jiangxi province from the past to the 2070s. In both the lowest and the highest emission scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5), the potential distribution of P. macgregorii will slightly increase in the 2070s, indicating that climate change may have little effect on its distribution. The precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio_18) is the most important climatic factor, with an optimum range of 487.3–799.8 mm. Our work could help make scientific strategies for in situ and ex situ conservation of P. macgregorii.
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