This bibliographic review provides an overview of techniques used to detect marine litter using remote sensing. The review classified studies in terms of platform (satellite, aircrafts, drones), ...sensors (passive or active), spectral (visible, infrared, microwaves), spatial resolution (<1 to >30 m), type and size (macroplastics, microplastics), or classification methodology (sighting, photointerpretation, supervised). Most studies applied satellite information to address marine litter using multi- and hyper- spectral optical sensors. The correspondence analysis on analyzed variables exhibited that aircrafts with high spatial resolution (<3 m) with optical sensors (λ = 400 to 2500 nm) seem to be the most optimum combination to target marine litter, while satellites carrying Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors (λ = 3.1 to 5.6 cm) may detect sea-slicks associated to surfactants that might contain high concentration of microplastics. Gaps indicate that future goals in marine litter detection should be addressed with platforms including optical and SAR sensors.
•Combinations of platform, sensors, spectral resolution are addressing marine litter.•Optical sensors onboard aircrafts target marine litter at precise spatial resolution.•Sea-slicks might be inferred by SAR sensors.•Marine litter detection requires optical and SAR sensors for future advances.
Cross-border cooperation has developed fundamentally at the internal borders of the European Union. The border between Spain and Portugal, known as the line (raya in Spanish and raia in Portuguese), ...is one of them. Numerous cooperation projects have been developed there in recent years, although with a heterogeneous geographical distribution. The border seems to disappear, but far from doing so, it is just transformed, as the study of the dimension of national security shows, which is now largely binational. One of the highest levels of cross-border cooperation that has been achieved is that of integrated local units, called eurocities, with diverse objectives. We address the study of various dimensions of this eurocities with the aim of better understanding where they are created, in what political context and what is their demographic, economic and cultural impact.
The vector-borne bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is responsible for Pierce's disease (PD), a lethal grapevine disease that originated in the Americas. The international plant trade is expanding the ...geographic range of this pathogen, posing a new threat to viticulture worldwide. To assess the potential incidence of PD, we have built a dynamic epidemiological model based on the response of 36 grapevine varieties to the pathogen in inoculation assays and on the vectors' distribution when this information is available. Key temperature-driven epidemiological processes, such as PD symptom development and recovery, are mechanistically modelled. Integrating into the model high-resolution spatiotemporal climatic data from 1981 onward and different infectivity (R
) scenarios, we show how the main wine-producing areas thrive mostly in non-risk, transient, or epidemic-risk zones with potentially low growth rates in PD incidence. Epidemic-risk zones with moderate to high growth rates are currently marginal outside the US. However, a global expansion of epidemic-risk zones coupled with small increments in the disease growth rate is projected for 2050. Our study globally downscales the risk of PD establishment while highlighting the importance of considering climate variability, vector distribution, and an invasive criterion as factors to obtain better PD risk maps.
Although they exist, fatalities related to floods are a rare occurrence in the island of Mallorca. In the aftermath of the Sant Llorenç flash‐flood of October 2018, which killed 13 people, a research ...was undertaken to develop database gathering information about the flood related victims on the island. The data was obtained from official reports and newspapers archives and was completed via field research and witnesses' interviews. The difficulties in obtaining information reduced the period to the past 58 years. The results show that 25 people died as a result of a flood event in basins with an average area of 19.83 km2 and a minimum of only 0.10 km2. Breaking down further into demographics, 14 were male and 11 were female. The largest number of victims is included in the 18–65 age group and 36% of the fatalities were tourists and foreign residents. Even if the number of fatalities is small compared with other Mediterranean regions, the research results highlight the importance of the need of an increased safety campaign in the Islands, aimed both to residents and to tourists as well, taking into account the importance of Mallorca as a holidays resort in Europe.
Agents of global change commonly have a higher impact on island ecosystem dynamics. In the Mediterranean region, those dynamics have historically been influenced by anthropogenic impacts, for ...example, the introduction of invasive species and overharvesting of resources. Here, we analysed the spatio‐temporal dynamics of vegetation in sa Dragonera island, which experienced a large environmental change ca. 4000 years ago by the arrival of humans. Anthropogenic impacts, such as herbivory by goats and over‐logging, ended in the 1970s, while in 2011 the site became the largest Mediterranean island where rats were eradicated. Invasive rats and goats played the ecological role of two endemic species, the cave goat and the giant dormouse, which inhabited the island for more than 5 million years and were rapidly extinct by humans. We used Landsat imagery to explore NDVI as a proxy of vegetation productivity over the years 1984–2021, orthophotos to assess changes in land and vegetation covers and historical plant inventories to study the dynamics in plant diversity. Results showed that those indicators steadily increased both in spring and in summer, while the noise around the trends was partially explained by climate variability. The regime shifts in the temporal dynamics of vegetation productivity suggested a transient from a perturbed to a non‐perturbed stable state. Trends in successional dynamics, spatial self‐organization and plant diversity also showed the same type of transient dynamics. Historical perturbations related to harvesting (mainly the synergies between goat browsing, burning and forest over‐logging) were more important than rat eradication or the influence of climate to explain the vegetation dynamics. Our study shows the transient nature of this small island ecosystem after 4000 years of perturbations and its current path towards vegetation dynamics more controlled by ecological interactions lacking large herbivores and omnivores, drought dynamics and the carrying capacity of the island.
Los agentes del cambio global suelen tener un mayor impacto en la dinámica de los ecosistemas insulares. En la región Mediterránea, esas dinámicas se han visto influenciadas históricamente por impactos antropogénicos, e.g. la introducción de especies invasoras y la sobreexplotación de los recursos. Analizamos aquí la dinámica espacio‐temporal de la vegetación en la isla de sa Dragonera, que experimentó un gran cambio ambiental hace unos 4000 años por la llegada de los humanos. Los impactos antropogénicos, como la herbivoría de las cabras y la tala excesiva, terminaron en la década de 1970, mientras que en 2011 se convirtió en la isla mediterránea más grande donde se erradicaron las ratas. Las ratas y cabras invasoras desempeñaron el papel ecológico de dos especies endémicas, el miotrago y el lirón gigante, que habitaron la isla durante más de 5 millones de años y fueron rápidamente extinguidos por los humanos. Usamos imágenes de Landsat para explorar el NDVI (indicador de la productividad de la vegetación) durante los años 1984–2021, ortofotos para evaluar los cambios en la cobertura de la tierra y la vegetación e inventarios históricos de plantas para estudiar la dinámica de su diversidad. Los resultados mostraron que esos indicadores aumentaron constantemente tanto en primavera como en verano, mientras que el ruido en torno a las tendencias se explicaba en parte por la variabilidad climática. Los cambios de régimen en la dinámica temporal de la productividad de la vegetación sugirieron un transitorio de un estado estable perturbado a uno no perturbado. Las tendencias en la dinámica sucesional, la autoorganización espacial y la diversidad de plantas también mostraron el mismo tipo de dinámica transitoria. Las perturbaciones históricas relacionadas con la recolección (principalmente las sinergias entre el pastoreo de cabras, la quema y la tala excesiva de bosques) fueron más importantes que la erradicación de ratas o la influencia del clima para explicar la dinámica de la vegetación. Nuestro estudio muestra la naturaleza transitoria de este ecosistema después de 4000 años de perturbaciones y su trayectoria actual hacia una dinámica de la vegetación más controlada por interacciones ecológicas (que carecen de grandes herbívoros y omnívoros), dinámicas de sequía y la capacidad de carga de la isla.
In the Mediterranean region, island ecosystem dynamics have been influenced by millennia of anthropogenic impacts. Here, we analysed the spatio‐temporal dynamics of vegetation in sa Dragonera, where herbivory by goats, over‐logging and rat occurrence ended in the last decades. Results showed that vegetation productivity, successional dynamics, spatial self‐organization and plant diversity are all in a transient from a perturbed to a non‐perturbed stable state. Historical perturbations related to harvesting were more important than rat eradication or the influence of climate to explain the vegetation dynamics.
The construction technique of dry stone, declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, has historically materialized in Mallorca in the form of a varied range of constructions with ...different functions. The massive construction of dry stone walls in the Mallorcan countryside has left an outstanding landscape and territorial imprint, which constitutes a rich source of geographical analysis. An unpublished cartography of the walls located in the Serra de Tramuntana mountain range in Mallorca is presented as an essay, a cartography that has served as a basis for their classification and provisional quantification. With the support of basic cartographic, photo-interpretation and GIS techniques, the detailed examination of two official cartographic bases has allowed us to determine their usefulness as reliable sources for locating and understanding the dry stone walls in our study area, with a view to a more far-reaching geographical study of them.
The study of the big three of coping (i.e., appraisals, emotions, and coping strategies) from factorial approach has been somewhat problematic in sport research. In this study, we had the aim to ...examine the relationships among the components of big three of coping using network analysis as an alternative approach to factorial approach. Using cognitive-motivational-relational theory as framework, we assessed appraisals, emotions and coping strategies in a sample of 276 synchronized swimming athletes (M = 14.63; SD = 2.01). Results present a network analysis of polychoric correlations among variables, showing three main groups of interrelations: (a) goal withdrawal zone include dejection, anger, venting of unpleasant emotions, disengagement, mental distraction, and social withdrawal; (b) mastery zone include primary and secondary appraisals, excitement, happiness, effort expenditure, mental imagery, and some thought control items; and (c) internal regulation zone include anxiety, logical analysis, some items of thought control, relaxation, and seeking social support. Results are congruent with Nicholls, Taylor, Carrol and Perry (2016) coping classifications; and show similarities with previous literature regarding the relations between appraisals, emotions, and coping.
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