The purpose of this work is to investigate the construction of fuzzy embedded control systems combining fast execution and parallel processing capabilities provided by Field Programmable Gate Arrays ...(FPGAs) and Reconfigurable Inputs/Outputs (RIO) chips. A fixed-point fuzzy controller is developed and implemented on a fast mechatronic system with high-speed control and high channel count on an FPGA target. This paper provides a brief introduction to deploying Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) methods using RIO-FPGA technology. It suggests a technique for implementing the three stages that constitute the FLC and the PD-like FLC and PID-like FLC structures into practice. Controllers with 1 and 2 degrees of freedom are developed and tested experimentally. Parallel loops, key challenging advantage of LabVIEW programming, are utilized for decoding feedback signals, generating pulse trains for actuator's drivers and for calculation of control gains. An NI-SbRIO board that combines deployable devices with a real-time processor, a re-configurable FPGA, and analogue and digital input–output ports is used. The experimental work demonstrates the significant enhancement of implementing reconfigurable embedded fuzzy control upon such mechatronic systems.
Compressors can be considered as one of the most important utilities in industrial processes. Around 10–14 percent of the electricity consumption in industry was used to produce compressed air. So, ...in industrial facilities, compressors are the largest energy-consuming equipment. Therefore, energy saving in multi-compressor systems (MCS) is very challenging. In this paper, a new symbolic model based on multi objective Jaya algorithm for the MCS is proposed. The proposed model considered an optimal electrical power consumption (EPC) as well as optimal life span while maintaining the demanded compressed air flow during load change. The proposed model selected compressors that would meet the demanded air flow by adjusting their partial load ratio (PLR) for each changeable variable speed drive compressor (VSDC). This study has optimized the operating period for each compressor based on the optimal power consumption of MCS as well as optimal life span of each compressor. Evolutionary multi-objective Jaya algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Furthermore, Grey Wolf optimizer has been used and its results have been compared to show that MO-Jaya showed better performance with the proposed problem. Different practical cases of study have been considered and analyzed showing that the multi-objective optimization model could dramatically reduce consumption costs and increase machine’s life span. Besides, the maintenance schedule of each compressor could be predicted and planned based on the MCS schedule. Variant air flow has been applied to test the effectiveness of the proposed model.
This paper presents a wind farm composed of different permanent synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines (same wind turbine technology but different rated power or operational conditions) coupled ...to the same grid connection point. A comparison between the three techniques of wind farm aggregation for a farm composed of PMSG wind turbines. Our comparison is for the closeness of the results of normal and transient response of both the complete model and the aggregated models. The chosen three techniques are, multi full aggregated model using equivalent wind speed (MFAM-EWS), semi aggregated model (SAM) and mixed semi full aggregated model (MSFAM). Simulation has been carried out for these techniques by MATLAB/SIMULINK program to compare them with the complete model to prove the effectiveness of each aggregation technique.
Conventional energy sources have been considered essential resources for electrical power generation. However, the environmental impact of these resources causes some distortions in the climate. The ...world realized this issue, and Various literature review have been applied to rectify this problem. Renewable energy sources have been demonstrated to pervade and replace numerous conventional energy sources. Solar photovoltaic energy is a renewable energy source that has been applied in various applications. Another resource that has mainly contributed to reducing climatic pollution is the production of green hydrogen. Hydrogen is utilized mainly in different industrial applications and is expected to be a significant fuel that alleviates atmospheric pollution. This paper discusses the production of green hydrogen from renewable energy sources which are solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays using a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. The energy consumed from the PV arrays is supplied mainly to the PEM electrolyzer and to a microgrid system via DC/AC converter. in This paper, the green hydrogen produced is compressed by a reciprocating compressor and then conserved in cylinders for further usage. To exploit the full power produced by the PV arrays, the MPPT scheme is employed. The irradiances and temperatures projected to the PV arrays are studied over 24 hours and memorized to imply, the PV power. To validate the results obtained in this paper, the previous overall system is executed in MATLAB Simulink.
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is well-known as an intuitive framework to tackle imprecision and uncertainty while allowing to model expert's knowledge in rule-based control. The objective of this study is to ...investigate the design of embedded fuzzy control systems combining fast execution and parallel processing capabilities provided by Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Reconfigurable Inputs/Outputs (RIO) boards. We implemented a suitable fixed-point FL to realize a computationally efficient control framework on an FPGA target. As such, the paper provides a concise method to deploy Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) using RIO-FPGA technology. We also provide a technique for implementing the three stages that constitute the FLC structures in LabVIEW environment using fixed math operations. The experimental work involves tracking the trajectory of a mobile robot and shows the feasibility and the efficiency of the proposed FLC-FPGA controller in comparison to the traditional PID-FPGA controller, along with the added benefits of fuzzy control frameworks.
With the increase in the development of offshore wind farm (OWF) around the world, this paper describes OWF consisting of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines connected to ...Active network (AC grid) and Passive network (loads) through Multi Terminal High voltage direct current(MT-HVDC) transmission system. This paper discusses the effect of using a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit in a hybrid power system that contains OWF. In this paper, we have aggregated 300 wind turbines of 1.5 MW PMSG using an aggregation technique (multi full aggregated model using equivalent wind speed (MFAM_EWS)). Furthermore, we have used a detector to detect any tripping of any wind turbine and substitute the shortage of power due to this loss of wind turbines immediately through SMES. The Active network in this paper should have a minimum of 150 MW power to be supplied by controlling the SMES unit (absorbing or providing power according to the system requirement). Simulation has been carried out by MATLAB/Simulink program to test the effectiveness of the SMES unit during tripping some of the wind turbines, fluctuation in wind speeds, load change and voltage dips.
The numerical solution of multibody systems is not a straightforward problem. The formulation of the equations of motion is augmented with the constraint equations that lead to a set of differential ...algebraic equations (DAEs). These constraints govern the relative motion between the system’s components at the position level (geometric constraints) and may restrict the velocity of particular components (rolling constraints). There are several factors that determine the effectiveness of numerical integration methods and the extent of their applicability owing to the various motion circumstances. These factors include numerical stability throughout the integration and computation time, as well as allowable error percentage and the length of simulation time. In this regard, this research examines existing approaches for constraint stabilization during numerical integration and introduces a new methodology based on fuzzy control algorithm, whose coefficients are independent of the dynamic characteristics of different systems. Schematics of the new methodology are presented; two examples of spatial multibody systems with holonomic and nonholonomic constraints are solved to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. It can be concluded that fuzzy control contributes an excellent solution for generic system configuration and is suitable for lengthy simulations with minimal computation time.
Skin cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases, leading to massive losses and high death rates worldwide. Topical delivery of nutraceuticals is considered a suitable approach for efficient and ...safe treatment of skin cancer. Nobiletin; a flavone occurring in citrus fruits has been reported to inhibit proliferation of carcinogenesis since 1990s, is a promising candidate in this regard. Nobiletin was loaded in various vesicular systems to improve its cytotoxicity against skin cancer. Vesicles were prepared using the thin film hydration method, and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, TEM, ex-vivo skin deposition and physical stability. Nobiletin-loaded composite penetration enhancer vesicles (PEVs) and composite transfersomes exhibited particle size 126.70 ± 11.80 nm, 110.10 ± 0.90 nm, zeta potential + 6.10 ± 0.40 mV, + 9.80 ± 2.60 mV, entrapment efficiency 93.50% ± 3.60, 95.60% ± 1.50 and total skin deposition 95.30% ± 3.40, 100.00% ± 2.80, respectively. These formulations were selected for cytotoxicity study on epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431). Nobiletin-loaded composite PEVs displayed the lowest IC
value, thus was selected for the in vivo study, where it restored skin condition in DMBA induced skin carcinogenesis mice, as delineated by histological and immuno-histochemical analysis, biochemical assessment of skin oxidative stress biomarkers, in addition to miRNA21 and miRNA29A. The outcomes confirmed that nobiletin- loaded composite PEVs is an efficient delivery system combating skin cancer.
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