We present 1.4-2.5 is a subset of m integral field spectroscopy of 16 stars in the Braid Nebula star formation region in Cygnus OB7. These data form one aspect of a large-scale multiwavelength survey ...aimed at determining an unbiased estimate of the number, mass distribution, and evolutionary state of the young stars within this 1 deg2 area of the previously poorly studied Lynds 1003 molecular cloud. Our new spectroscopic data, when combined with Two Micron All Sky Survey near-IR photometry, provide evidence of membership of many of these objects in the regions' pre-main-sequence population. We discuss both the characteristics of the young stars found in the region and the level of starforming activity present.
We study the population of Herbig-Haro (HH) flows and jets in an area of Cygnus OB7 designated the Braid Nebula star formation region. This complex forms part of the L 1003 dark cloud, and hosts two ...FU Orionis (FUor)-like objects as well as several other active young stars. To trace outflow activity and to relate both known and newly discovered flows to young star hosts we intercompare new, deep, narrowband H Delta *a and S II optical images taken on the Subaru 8 m Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Our images show that there is considerable outflow and jet activity in this region suggesting the presence of an extensive young star population. We confirm that both of the FUor-like objects drive extensive HH flows and document further members of the flows in both objects. The L 1003 star formation complex is a highly kinematically active region with young stars in several different stages of evolution. We trace collimated outflows from numerous young stars although the origin of some HH objects remains elusive.
For the active T-Taur star RW Aur A we have performed long-term (∼10 yr) monitoring observations of (1) jet imaging in the Fe II 1.644 m emission line using Gemini-NIFS and VLT-SINFONI; (2) optical ...high-resolution spectroscopy using CFHT-ESPaDOnS; and (3) V-band photometry using the CrAO 1.25-m telescope and AAVSO. The latter two observations confirm the correlation of time variabilities between (A) the Ca II 8542 and O I 7772 line profiles associated with magnetospheric accretion, and (B) optical continuum fluxes. The jet images and their proper motions show that four knot ejections occurred at the star over the past ∼15 yr with an irregular interval of 2-6 yr. The timescale and irregularity of these intervals are similar to those of the dimming events seen in the optical photometry data. Our observations show a possible link between remarkable (ΔV < −1) photometric rises and jet knot ejections. Observations over another few years may confirm or reject this trend. If confirmed, this would imply that the location of the jet launching region is very close to the star (r 0.1 au) as predicted by some jet launching models. Such a conclusion would be crucial for understanding disk evolution within a few astronomical units of the star, and therefore possible ongoing planet formation at these radii.
The aim of this study was to determine the optimal dose and dosing interval of nitroglycerin ointment to heal chronic anal fissures.
A randomized, double-blind study of intra-anally applied ...nitroglycerin ointment (Anogesic) was conducted in 17 centers in 304 patients with chronic anal fissures. The patients were randomly assigned to one of eight treatment regimens (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 percent nitroglycerin ointment applied twice or three times per day), for up to eight weeks. A dose-measuring device standardized the delivery of 374 mg ointment. Healing of fissures (complete reepithelialization) was assessed by physical examination using an observer unaware of treatment allocation. The subjects assessed pain intensity daily by completing a diary containing a visual analog scale for average pain intensity for the day, the worst pain intensity for the day, and pain intensity at the last defecation.
There were no significant differences in fissure healing among any of the treatment groups; all groups, including placebo had a healing rate of approximately 50 percent. This rate of placebo response was inexplicably higher than previously reported in the literature. Treatment with 0.4 percent (1.5 mg) nitroglycerin ointment was associated with a significant (P < 0.0002) decrease in average pain intensity compared with vehicle as assessed by patients with a visual analog scale. The decreases were observed by Day 4 of treatment. At 8 weeks the magnitude of the difference between 0.4 percent nitroglycerin and control was a 21 percent reduction in average pain. Treatment was well tolerated, with only 3.29 percent of patients discontinuing treatment because of headache. Headaches were the primary adverse event and were dose related.
Nitroglycerin ointment did not alter healing but significantly and rapidly reduced the pain associated with chronic anal fissures.
Abstract
Background
The genetic architecture of birth size may differ geographically and over time. We examined differences in the genetic and environmental contributions to birthweight, length and ...ponderal index (PI) across geographical-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia) and across birth cohorts, and how gestational age modifies these effects.
Methods
Data from 26 twin cohorts in 16 countries including 57 613 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were pooled. Genetic and environmental variations of birth size were estimated using genetic structural equation modelling.
Results
The variance of birthweight and length was predominantly explained by shared environmental factors, whereas the variance of PI was explained both by shared and unique environmental factors. Genetic variance contributing to birth size was small. Adjusting for gestational age decreased the proportions of shared environmental variance and increased the propositions of unique environmental variance. Genetic variance was similar in the geographical-cultural regions, but shared environmental variance was smaller in East Asia than in Europe and North America and Australia. The total variance and shared environmental variance of birth length and PI were greater from the birth cohort 1990–99 onwards compared with the birth cohorts from 1970–79 to 1980–89.
Conclusions
The contribution of genetic factors to birth size is smaller than that of shared environmental factors, which is partly explained by gestational age. Shared environmental variances of birth length and PI were greater in the latest birth cohorts and differed also across geographical-cultural regions. Shared environmental factors are important when explaining differences in the variation of birth size globally and over time.
There is evidence that birthweight is positively associated with body mass index (BMI) in later life, but it remains unclear whether this is explained by genetic factors or the intrauterine ...environment. We analysed the association between birthweight and BMI from infancy to adulthood within twin pairs, which provides insights into the role of genetic and environmental individual-specific factors.
This study is based on the data from 27 twin cohorts in 17 countries. The pooled data included 78 642 twin individuals (20 635 monozygotic and 18 686 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs) with information on birthweight and a total of 214 930 BMI measurements at ages ranging from 1 to 49 years. The association between birthweight and BMI was analysed at both the individual and within-pair levels using linear regression analyses.
At the individual level, a 1-kg increase in birthweight was linearly associated with up to 0.9 kg/m2 higher BMI (P < 0.001). Within twin pairs, regression coefficients were generally greater (up to 1.2 kg/m2 per kg birthweight, P < 0.001) than those from the individual-level analyses. Intra-pair associations between birthweight and later BMI were similar in both zygosity groups and sexes and were lower in adulthood.
These findings indicate that environmental factors unique to each individual have an important role in the positive association between birthweight and later BMI, at least until young adulthood.
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