A human factors perspective on automated driving Kyriakidis, M.; de Winter, J. C. F.; Stanton, N. ...
Theoretical issues in ergonomics science,
05/2019, Letnik:
20, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Automated driving can fundamentally change road transportation and improve quality of life. However, at present, the role of humans in automated vehicles (AVs) is not clearly established. Interviews ...were conducted in April and May 2015 with 12 expert researchers in the field of human factors (HFs) of automated driving to identify commonalities and distinctive perspectives regarding HF challenges in the development of AVs. The experts indicated that an AV up to SAE Level 4 should inform its driver about the AV's capabilities and operational status, and ensure safety while changing between automated and manual modes. HF research should particularly address interactions between AVs, human drivers and vulnerable road users. Additionally, driver-training programmes may have to be modified to ensure that humans are capable of using AVs. Finally, a reflection on the interviews is provided, showing discordance between the interviewees' statements - which appear to be in line with a long history of HFs research - and the rapid development of automation technology. We expect our perspective to be instrumental for stakeholders involved in AV development and instructive to other parties.
The general framework is about risk awareness, through the aspect of cognitive abilities -- to perceive and assess the criticality of a driving situation -- among motorcyclists against car drivers. ...To study risk awareness, some tools based on video films of road scenes have been developed. The experimental task consists in assessing the criticality of dynamic driving situations, via a Likert scale, and qualifying these situations using Osgood's semantic differential. The results show that, on the whole, motorcyclists consider the sample of driving situations as less critical than car drivers do. The main differences observed between the two populations are presented.
•Paper focused on Human Driver Interactions (HDI) with Automated Vehicles (AV).•A theoretical model of HDI is proposed, as a Human-Machine Transitions (HMT) cycle.•This HMT framework permits to ...jointly consider HMI, liability and ethical issues.•Implications for insurance are identified to support a sustainable deployment of AV.
The provision of an adequate liability regime for ADAS technologies is an essential prerequisite for its roll out over the coming decade. Facing to the challenge of future highly automated vehicles, this paper proposed a Human-Machine Transition (HMT) approach as a common conceptual framework for considering Human Machine Interaction (HMI), liability and ethical issues in a unified way. The issues that arise are interrogated from a legal perspective, more specifically liability regimes and that of applied ethics. The paper highlights the issue of the handover/takeover. Potential consequences for insurance companies are then identified accordingly, with the aim to progress towards the sustainable deployment of automated vehicles on public roads.
•This study aims to investigated difficulties experienced by older drivers in their everyday life.•Their expectations toward Advanced Driving Aid Systems and vehicle automation was also studied.•108 ...items were investigated by using a Focus Group method based on a Collective Questionnaire.•Rankings of difficulties experienced at the wheel and perceived utility of ADAS are proposed.•Results were used to design E-ADAS aiming to better support the “Auto-Mobility” of elderly people.
The aim of this study was to analyse the difficulties experienced by older drivers during their regular driving, and to identify their needs and their expectations regarding Advanced Driving Aid Systems (ADAS) and vehicle automation. More than 100 items were investigated by using a Focus Group method based on a Collective Questionnaire (named FoG-CoQS). Thirty elderly drivers, 15 females and 15 males aged from 70 to 81 years (mean age of 73.3; S.D. = 3.18) were recruited among a representative sample of 76 older drivers living in the Rhône area and having previously participated to an on-road experiment, in order to collect from this Focus Group method further information about the driving difficulties they experienced in their everyday life and their expectations towards driving aids. Seven main topics were more particularly investigated, recovering at last all the main dimensions of the driving task (from navigation to speed control, through intersection crossing).
Regarding driving difficulties, one of the most interesting result collected is the high contrast between the literature review, identifying Left Turn (LT) manoeuvres at crossroads as a risky driving situation for elderly drivers, and the relatively low values of perceived difficulties (i.e. compared to other driving sub-tasks) collected during this Focus Group among our sample of older drivers. Regarding the driving aid functions investigated, 10 of them obtained high scores of “perceived utility” (i.e. overpassing 60% on scales ranging from 0% no utility to 100% high utility), and they concerned assistances liable to support all the main components of the driving task investigated in this study.
Additional results are related to the differences between the elderly female and male drivers. Several driving situations were assessed as significantly more difficult to perform by the older female than by the older male drivers, like intersection crossing, entering expressways, or implementing a lane change manoeuver. By contrast, this gender effect is more limited regarding driving aids: synthetically, men and women have a positive attitude towards driving aid systems and their expectations for future ADAS are quite similar (for instance, “informative systems” are preferred than driving aids based on “vehicle automation”).
Finally, from two transversal items (i.e. “difficulties” to perform a driving sub-task and “perceived utility” of ADAS), it was possible to rank older drivers’ difficulties experienced during their everyday life (from lowest difficulties to “navigate on a familiar itinerary” to highest when “interacting with bicyclists”) and their expectations towards driving aids (from lowest utility score given to “Automatic Lane Change systems” to highest utility value provided to “Speed Informer systems”). At last, older drivers’ acceptance and expectations towards highly automated cars was also investigated: full automation was assessed as an interesting solution to ensure the self-mobility of elderly peoples in their circle, but also for themselves in the future, in case of impairments of their own cognitive or physical capacities.
This research investigates risk awareness abilities among different populations of motorcyclists. Risk awareness is defined here as an extension of the Situational Awareness theory applied to ...critical driving situations. This study is more particularly focused on two main cognitive abilities supporting risk awareness: hazard detection, corresponding to riders’ skill to perceive critical event occurring in the road environment and to identify it as a threat, and situational criticality assessment, corresponding to a subjective assessment of the accident risk. From this theoretical framework, the aim is to compare motorcyclists’ performances in risk awareness according to their experience in motorcycling. Four populations of motorcyclists are investigated: Professional (Policemen), Experienced riders, Novices, and Beginners. Method implemented is based of a set of 25 video sequences of driving situations presenting a risk of collision. Participants’ task was firstly to stop the video film if they detect a hazard. Then, at the end of each sequence, they have also to assess the criticality of the driving situation as a whole, with a Likert scale (from 0 to 100% of criticality). Results obtained show that cognitive abilities in both (i) hazard detection and (ii) situational criticality assessment depend of the riding experience, and are learnt from two different timing. On one side, Professional and Experienced riders obtained better results than Novices and Beginners for hazard perception (i.e. shortest reaction time). In terms of situational criticality assessment, Beginners underestimate the situational risk and seem overconfident in their abilities to manage the situational risk, against Novices, Professional and Experienced riders, who have better competences in criticality assessment. From these empirical results, a conceptual model of motorcyclists’ Risk Awareness is proposed.
This article provides a synthetic overview of the research programme carried out at INRETS-LESCOT over the last 10
years, in view to studying and modelling the mental representations of car drivers. ...Theoretically, this research is in line with two complementary scientific traditions: Human Information Processing theories on the one hand, and theories of Operative Activity on the other. As discussed in Section 1 of the article, attention is given to the functional representations of drivers, constructed “by” and “for” the action, such as they are implemented in a driving situation, and taking into account both implicit and explicit dimensions. This aim directly impacts on the methodological approach implemented, in so far as it entails defining an “experimental continuum” ranging from naturalistic observations of the driving activity (on the open road), to setting up more controlled experimental protocols in order to permit in-depth, systematic and reproducible scientific investigations of drivers’ cognition. Section 2 of the article presents a synthetic view of these methods, while Section 3 presents several significant results obtained with them. Lastly, the final part of the article focuses on the computational formalism defined at INRETS-LESCOT (i.e. the
driving schemas) designed to model driver knowledge and mental representations, and developed in a COgnitive Simulation MOdel of the DRIVEr called COSMODRIVE.
•Studied acceptance of advanced rider assistance systems for powered two-wheelers.•Conducted large-scale international survey of European PTW riders.•General indicators of acceptance: riding ...practices, risk perception, rule breaking.•System-specific indicators of acceptance: usability, usefulness, affordability.•Acceptance is low to moderate for all types of PTW assistive systems.
There has been limited development of advanced rider assistance systems and on-bike information systems for powered two-wheelers (PTWs), even though research suggests that population-wide deployment of assistive systems could significantly reduce PTW crashes. This study aims to understand general and system-specific factors that are likely to influence acceptability of PTW assistive systems, including barriers that may prevent uptake and proper use of systems, through a large-scale survey of European riders. The survey was available in seven languages and attracted 6297 respondents. Respondents were frequent riders, who rode primarily for leisure purposes and had high awareness of assistive systems. Cluster analysis revealed two groups based on overall acceptability of assistive systems. The moderate and low acceptance clusters differed in terms of riding practices, risk perception, attitudes towards rule breaking, and some personality traits. Overall acceptability was low, but riders who perceive greater risk in riding display higher acceptability. Acceptability was highest for systems that do not interfere with the riding task, are well-known and/or considered reliable (e.g., night vision, ABS, eCall, advanced front-lighting system). In general, riders believe that existing safety equipment (e.g., helmets, protective clothing) is more reliable, provides greater resistance, and is considerably cheaper than more sophisticated assistive technology. Riders believe that innovations should focus on protective equipment, since they believe crash prevention is better addressed through rider training. Finally, riders felt there should be more emphasis on vehicle tyre condition, while tyre pressure control systems were identified as potentially helpful.
Automated driving can fundamentally change road transportation and improve quality of life. However, at present, the role of humans in automated vehicles (AVs) is not clearly established. Interviews ...were conducted in April and May 2015 with 12 expert researchers in the field of human factors (HFs) of automated driving to identify commonalities and distinctive perspectives regarding HF challenges in the development of AVs. The experts indicated that an AV up to SAE Level 4 should inform its driver about the AV's capabilities and operational status, and ensure safety while changing between automated and manual modes. HF research should particularly address interactions between AVs, human drivers and vulnerable road users. Additionally, driver-training programmes may have to be modified to ensure that humans are capable of using AVs. Finally, a reflection on the interviews is provided, showing discordance between the interviewees’ statements – which appear to be in line with a long history of HFs research – and the rapid development of automation technology. We expect our perspective to be instrumental for stakeholders involved in AV development and instructive to other parties.
Evaluation of a Voice Interface Management System Tattegrain-Veste, H.; Bruyas, M.P.; Bellet, T. ...
Transportation research record,
2001, Letnik:
1759, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
The final prototype of a centralized voice information system, developed under the framework of the European CeMVocAS (Centralised Management of Vocal Interfaces Aiming at a Better Automotive Safety) ...project, was evaluated. This system manages all types of voice messages to the driver (i.e., input and output voice flows to and from car telephone, radio, and driver assistance systems) to minimize their disruptive impact on the basic task of driving. Analysis of the results included evaluation of (a) the part of the system responsible for determining the driver’s potential availability to receive voice messages driving situation recognition unit (DSRU) and (b) the complete system (DSRU plus centralized voice interface management system). Results indicate that the system is quite robust in terms of vehicle, driver, and route variability; in addition, levels of system effectiveness, system efficiency, and user satisfaction were high.
We present a methodology and a tool for analyzing the activity of an operator interacting with a complex technical device. The goal is of refining cognitive models of the operator by relating them to ...patterns of behavior in real situations. The activity is observed to he modeled as a trace having a graph structure. The trace is transformed according to metadata in order to become meaningful in the context of modeling theories. Our "trace based system" thus gathers both a representation of the activity and a representation of the analyst's expertise, for facilitating the discovery of knowledge in the field of cognitive psychology. The approach is illustrated by its application for car driver cognitive modeling
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