Several clinical examinations have shown the essential impact of monitoring (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) in cancer patients. There are multiple risk factors associated with ...(de)hydration, including aging, excessive or lack of fluid consumption in sports, alcohol consumption, hot weather, diabetes insipidus, vomiting, diarrhea, cancer, radiation, chemotherapy, and use of diuretics. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance mainly involves alterations in the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in extracellular fluids. Hyponatremia is a common condition among individuals with cancer (62% of cases), along with hypokalemia (40%), hypophosphatemia (32%), hypomagnesemia (17%), hypocalcemia (12%), and hypernatremia (1‐5%). Lack of hydration and monitoring of hydration status can lead to severe complications, such as nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, seizures, cell swelling or shrinking, kidney failure, shock, coma, and even death. This article aims to review the current (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technologies focusing on cancer. First, we discuss the physiological and pathophysiological implications of fluid and electrolyte imbalance in cancer patients. Second, we explore the different molecular and physical monitoring methods used to measure fluid and electrolyte imbalance and the measurement challenges in diverse populations. Hydration status is assessed in various indices; plasma, sweat, tear, saliva, urine, body mass, interstitial fluid, and skin‐integration techniques have been extensively investigated. No unified (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technology exists for different populations (including sports, elderly, children, and cancer). Establishing novel methods and technologies to facilitate and unify measurements of hydration status represents an excellent opportunity to develop impactful new approaches for patient care.
Electrolyte imbalance is a common complication in cancer that mainly involves sodium, potassium, and calcium alterations.
If the individual at risk is not monitored and hydrated, it leads to severe complications.
Hydration status assessed in various indices; plasma, sweat, saliva, urine, interstitial fluid, and skin interface have been widely used, but no unified (de)hydration monitoring technologies exist for different populations.
Traditional storage methods have limitations and concerns regarding capacity, decay, and sustainability. These drawbacks can be mitigated by developing long‐term digital information storage systems ...using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which are often referred to as DNA‐based data storage. These advanced technologies for storing big data are emulated by DNA synthesis, DNA sequencing, and encoding and decoding algorithms that can pack information into DNA, extreme durability, environmental sustainability, energy conservation, and eternal relevance, and at higher density than the conventional systems. This field has arisen to become a hot topic for researchers in the past decade, with significant breakthroughs in its course. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in in vivo DNA digital storage and in vitro DNA digital storage with novel modalities, preservation techniques, applications, and practical and technical issues. Also summarize the field of in vivo molecular writing mode that records and stores data within cells' genomes, which lie at the growing intersection of biocomputing and biotechnology.
The field of storing information in organic matters has recently emerged as a novel class of potential future data storage medium. In this review, mainly aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of future data storage applications. Recent advances have witnessed an extensive significant breakthrough in the field, which enable startups to capitalize and bring DNA data storage into daily life via alliance of multidisciplinary research.
Glucosamine (GlcN), an amino-monosaccharide, is known to be a safe and efficient drug for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this ...current study, the main issues of high hydrophilicity and poor permeability of GlcN for its use as a transdermal delivery system were overcome by conjugation with the hydrophobic polymer poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and its self-assembly into nanostructures containing nanoparticles (NPs). The self-assembly of the PLGA-GlcN nanostructure was facilitated by probe sonication, which was based on the cavitation and nucleation concept, followed by reversible locking. Hydrophobic PLGA assembly onto the outer surface and hydrophilic GlcN into the inner core helps the nanostructure more flexibly permeate through the skin lipid membrane and release GlcN in a sustained manner for 48 h. Ex vivo transdermal permeation of PLGA-GlcN nanostructures through human cadaver skin exhibited a better permeation profile, which demonstrated the shortest lag time with a higher flux value than the other formulations, such as the GlcN solution, GlcN NPs and PLGA-GlcN solution.
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) triggers many complex events in different types of skin cells, including benign, malignant and normal cells. Chromophores present in these cells play a crucial role in ...various cellular processes. Unprecedented methods are required for the real-time monitoring of changes in an in vitro model exposed to intermittent mild and intense UVR to determine the mechanisms underlying cell degeneration and the effects of unexpected toxic, agonist and antagonist agents. This study reports the analytical application of a whole cell-based sensor platform for examining the biophysical effects of UVR. We used human keratinocyte, melanocyte and fibroblast cell lines to determine the normal, pathological and protective roles of UVR. In addition, we examined the real-time morphological, biophysical and biomechanical changes associated with cell degeneration induced by UVR at 254 and 365 nm. Information on UVR-induced changes in the cytoskeleton ultrastructure, cellular integrity, cell spreading area, actin microfilament distribution inflammation, microtubule damage, membrane damage, rupture and death was characterized by examining the loss or increase in biophysical and biomechanical properties of these cells. All cells exposed to UVR at 254 and 365 nm showed a significant increase in surface roughness and stiffness in a time-dependent manner. UVR-induced toxicity in differently pigmented skin cells was compared with that in cells pretreated with melanin, keratin and basic fibroblast growth factor to analyze the shielding efficiency of these agents. Melanin exerted a significant shielding effect compared to the other two agents. The biophysical and biomechanical information obtained in this study could advance our understanding of the UVR-induced degeneration process, and help in developing new interventions strategies.
This Article describes an unprecedented, simple, and real-time in vitro analytical tool to measure the luminous effect on the time responses function of retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5) by electric ...cell substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system. The ECIS system was used for the continuous measurement of different color light-induced effects on the response of cells that exposed to protective drugs. The measurement suggests that the association of photo-oxidative stress was mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays a critical role that leads to cell stress, damages, and retinopathy, resulting in eye degenerative diseases. Continuous light radiation caused time-dependent decline of RGC-5 response and resulted in photodamage within 10 h due to adenosine 5′-triphosphate depletion and increased ROS level, which is similar to in vivo photodamage. The ECIS results were correlated with standard cell viability assay. ECIS is very helpful to determine the protective effects of analyzed drugs such as β-carotene, quercetin, agmatine, and glutathione in RGC-5 cells, and the maximum drug activity of nontoxic safer drug concentrations was found to be 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, and 1.0 mM, respectively. All drugs show protection against light radiation toxicity in a dose-dependent manner; the most effective drug was found to be glutathione. The proposed system identifies the phototoxic effects in RGC-5 and provides high throughput drug screening for photo-oxidative stress during early stages of drug discovery. This study is convenient and potential enough for the direct measurements of the photoprotective effect in vitro and would be of broad interest in the field of therapeutics.
Targeting oxidative stress with inhibiting or boosting the endogenous levels of antioxidants potentially has an outstanding effect in the treatment of oxidative-stress-related diseases. The present ...work demonstrates the synthesis of quercetin nanoemulsion as one of the potential antioxidants for the treatment of oxidative- stress-related diseases. A quercetin nanoemulsion was prepared using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), hyaluronic acid (HA) and emulsifier (Tween-20) through a solvent evaporation technique. The efficiency of the nanoemulsion was evaluated with and without chemical permeation enhancer (CPE). The FT-IR result shows no interaction between quercetin and polymer that proves excellent compatibility. The transdermal delivery ability was evaluated using in vitro release and ex vivo permeation analysis. The transdermal drug-release mechanism was studied by the mathematical model and was found to obey a zero-order, diffusion-controlled mechanism. In vitro toxicity and cell behavior, including cell adhesion, proliferation and cell death of quercetin-nanoemulsion-treated L929 cells, were elucidated by the electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technique. The produced nanoemulsion showed a high encapsulation efficiency, less toxicity, controlled delivery with enhanced transdermal drug permeation and effective scavenging of free radicals.
Rapid innovations in tissue engineering have increased the likelihood that fabricated microdevices for neuro-regeneration can finally be applied to humans. The advent of microdevices has created ...strong interest in many fields, including diagnostics, drug/gene delivery, and tissue engineering. The integration of microfluidics and tissue engineering is believed to hold promise in applications for neuro-regeneration. Early clinical results suggest that the fabrication of microdevices with appropriate properties indeed yields multi-functional applications with enhanced efficacy and less adverse effects. A prerequisite for advancing this area of research is the development of apt devices for nerve restoration, which can provide molecular, electrical, and micro-environmental cues for efficient neuronal cell regeneration. Based on the increasing clinical application of fabrication methods and continued efforts to advance this technology, it is likely that microdevice fabrication will become an effective method for achieving the above-mentioned criteria. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide basic information on the fabrication of microdevices by focusing exclusively on several kinds of biomaterials, such as biocompatible, biodegradable, non-conducting, conducing, elastomeric and thermoplastic materials with natural, synthetic polymers, inorganic biomaterials, and physiochemical parameter for neuro-regeneration. We also discuss distinctive nerve growth factors and neural cell types within the context of developing micro-based neuro-degenerative applications. The information provided in this review is important with regards to the safe and widespread use of microdevice fabrication, particularly in the neuro-regenerative field.
This research focuses on the design of biocompatible materials/scaffold suitable for use for tissue engineering. Porous fiber mats were produced through electrospinning of polythiophene phenylene ...(PThP) conducting polymers blended with poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). A peptide containing an arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) fragment was synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis and subsequently grafted onto a PThP polymer using azide–alkyne “click” chemistry. The obtained RGD functionalized PThP was also electrospun into a fiber mat. The electrospun mats’ morphology, roughness and stiffness were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and their electroactivity by cyclic voltammetry. The fibers show excellent cytocompatibility in culture assays with human dermal fibroblasts-adult (HDFa) and human epidermal melanocytes-adult (HEMa) cells. The electrospun fibers’ roughness and stiffness changed after exposing the fiber mats to the cell culture medium (measured in dry state), but these changes did not affect the cell proliferation. The cytocompatibility of our porous scaffolds was established for their applicability as cell culture scaffolds by means of investigating mitochondrial activity of HDFa and HEMa cells on the scaffolds. The results revealed that the RGD moieties containing PThP scaffolds hold a promise in biomedical applications, including skin tissue engineering.
•This review gives an update of LPHNPs manufacturing process and therapeutics delivery•LPHNPs can be used for improving the therapeutic efficacy of drugs, genes and imaging agents.•Recent advances in ...LPHNPs preparation in pilot scale hold the key to progress.•Exploring the novel hybrid NPs such as cell membrane functionalized NPs is an emerging as an interesting and central research topic.
With rapid advances in nanomedicine, lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) have emerged as promising nanocarriers for several biomedical applications, including therapeutics delivery and biomedical imaging. Significant research has been dedicated to biomimetic or targeting functionalization, as well as controlled and image-guided drug-release capabilities. Despite this research, the clinical translation of LPHNP-mediated therapeutics delivery has progressed incrementally. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in and challenges to the development and application of LPHNPs, present examples to demonstrate the advantages of LPHNPs in therapeutics delivery and imaging applications, and discuss the translational obstacles to LPHNP technology.
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