Marupa (Simarouba amara Aublet 1775) is a tropical tree of the family Simaroubaceae. It is commonly used for its wood in the Amazonian forest, and it is an important species for restoring degraded ...environments. Yet, very little genetic resources are available to study this plant. In this paper, we sequenced for the first time the complete chloroplast genome of Marupa, using Oxford Nanopore long‐read technology. The genome is 159,838 bp, includes 131 genes in total and presents a classic quadripartite structure. Its length and structure are similar to those of sister species of the Simaroubaceae family. A maximum likelihood phylogeny of the order Sapindale reveals that Simarouba amara is well positioned in its family. This complete plastome is a first step towards a better analysis of Marupa future evolution.
We provide the first plastome sequence of Marupa (Simarouba amara Aubl., Simaroubaceae). Sequence was generated using Oxford Nanopore Technology. The chloroplast is 159,838 bp, includes 131 genes in total and presents a classic quadripartite structure.
ABSTRACT Enrichment plantings into secondary forest are an important option in restoring species diversity and ecosystem services. However, little attention has been given to environmental ...requirements for species performance. This study evaluated the effects of lightgaps and topographic position on the growth and survival of four native tree species (Pouteria caimito, Garcinia macrophylla, Dipteryx odorata and Cynometra bauhiniaefolia) planted into a 26-year old secondary forest originating from abandoned pastures in the central Amazon Basin. Artificial lightgaps and control plots under closed canopy were uniformly distributed on plateaus and bottomlands near water bodies. Seedlings were planted randomly into the plots and monitored for 28 months. Seedling survival rate was high (93%) and did not differ among species. Overall, lightgaps produced a 38% increase in seedling height relative to the controls. Although the four species naturally occur in mature forest, two of the four grew significantly more in lightgaps than in closed canopy secondary forest. Overall, bottomlands facilitated greater seedling growth in height (38%) relative to plateaus, but only one species exhibited a significant increase. This study shows the importance of the environmental variability generated with canopy openings along the topographic gradient, suggesting that both the selection of species and microsite conditions of planting sites have to be considered important criteria in the recovery of degraded areas.
RESUMO O plantio de enriquecimento em florestas secundárias é uma opção para restaurar a diversidade de espécies e os serviços ecossistêmicos. No entanto, pouca atenção tem sido dada aos requerimentos ambientais para o melhor desempenho das espécies. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de clareiras e posição topográfica sobre o crescimento e sobrevivência de quatro espécies arbóreas nativas (Pouteria caimito, Garcinia macrophylla, Dipteryx odorata and Cynometra bauhiniaefolia) plantadas em florestas secundárias oriundas de pastagens abandonadas há 26 anos na Amazônia central. Clareiras artificiais e parcelas de controle sob dossel fechado foram distribuídos uniformemente em platôs e baixios. Mudas foram plantadas aleatoriamente nas parcelas e monitoradas por 28 meses. A taxa de sobrevivência das plântulas foi alta (93%) e não houve diferenças entre as espécies. Entre todas as espécies, houve um incremento de 38% na altura das plântulas em comparação com os controles. Embora as quatro espécies ocorram naturalmente em florestas maduras, duas das quatro cresceram significativamente mais em clareiras do que sob dossel fechado. Entre todas as espécies, plântulas tiveram um maior crescimento em altura (38%) nos baixios que nos platôs, mas apenas uma espécie apresentou um aumento significativo. Este estudo mostra a importância da variabilidade ambiental gerada com aberturas do dossel ao longo do gradiente topográfico, sugerindo que, tanto a seleção de espécies como as condições microambientais deveriam ser considerados como critérios importantes na recuperação de áreas degradadas.
► We assessed the effects of topography and micro-site conditions on tree recruitment. ► Seedling emergence increased 200% with litter removal and 50% with soil turning. ► Seedling emergence was ...significantly higher in bottomlands than in slopes. ► Seedling growth was significantly higher in bottomlands/slopes than in plateaus. ► Manipulating litter and soil micro-environment provide viable methodological tools.
Deforested lands in Amazonia are usually converted into pastures and maintained through annual prescribed burning which depletes the soil seed bank. Here, we assess the effect of topography and micro-site conditions on the seed bank and recruitment success of tree species in 20-year old secondary forests developing on abandoned pastures in Central Amazonia, Brazil. Seedling emergence, mortality, and growth were monitored in four 1×1-m sub-plots located systematically in the center of 21 10×10-m artificial canopy gaps, seven each on three different topographic positions – plateau, slope, and bottomland. The 84 seedling sub-plots were assigned to four different treatments generated by the combination of two litter treatments, litter intact and litter removed, and two soil treatments, soil turned and soil unturned. Sixteen soil samples were collected from the four corners of each sub-plot for analysis of the seed bank. There was no significant effect of topography on the number of seeds, although on the average, densities on the plateaus and the bottomlands were more than double that on the slopes. Seedling emergence increased 200% with litter removal and 50% with soil turning relative to respective controls. Seedling emergence was significantly higher in bottomlands than in slopes, and seedling growth was significantly higher in bottomlands and slopes than in plateaus, indicating that water availability may be the limiting factor for the recruitment success on the higher parts of relief. There were no effects of topography and litter removal on seedling mortality. Management tools that can accelerate succession on intensively used land offer options for fostering reforestation. Based on this study, manipulating litter and soil micro-environment provide viable methodological tools.
Amazon Rain Forest Succession MESQUITA, RITA DE CÁSSIA GUIMARÃES; MASSOCA, PAULO EDUARDO DOS SANTOS; JAKOVAC, CATARINA CONTE ...
Bioscience,
09/2015, Letnik:
65, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Land-use practices can dramatically shift the trajectories of rain forest recovery. In a 25-year study, Amazon rain forest regenerated following deforestation as long as seed availability and ...seedling recruitment were not interrupted. In contrast, rain forest converted to cattle pastures via cutting and burning prior to abandonment diverted succession, leading to highly simplified stands dominated by a single genus. Annual fires eliminated seedlings, saplings, coppice, and seeds in the soil, except for several Vismia species. Once established, Vismia regenerated by continual resprouting and resisted the establishment of other rain forest species, especially the normal suite of pioneers. Through time, succession both in abandoned clearcuts and pastures increased in stem density and biomass; however, species accumulation and ecosystem services were limited in pastures when compared with those in abandoned clearcuts. Therefore, prescribed burning to maintain pastureland leaves a legacy that is not readily extinguished, whereas abandoning clearcuts engenders an accelerated rain forest regeneration.
•Assessing the effects of created forest gaps on plant diversity and composition.•Plant diversity increased after six years after lightgaps creation.•Plant species composition diverged greatly from ...before to six years after cutting.•The lightgaps showed a marked increase in old-growth species six years later.•We conclude that small-scale disturbance represent a feasible management tool.
Secondary succession on abandoned pastures in the Amazon is characterized by low diversity and slow turnover of plant species in the early decades. Here we present the results of a 6-year experiment in order to evaluate the effects of artificially created forest gaps established in 20-year old Vismia-dominated secondary forests in Central Amazonia. Plant diversity and composition of trees ≤5cmDBH were assessed in 21,100-m2 lightgaps evenly distributed in three topographic positions (plateau, slope, and bottomland). These empirical results were compared with four uncut, control plots nearby the experimental plots. There were no topographic effects on plant density and species richness for either the two size classes analyzed (seedlings <1cmDBH and saplings 1–5cmDBH). Irrespective of topographic level, tree density varied significantly before and six years after lightgap formation, for the both size classes. At six years after gap creation, the number of species increased by 30% for the seedlings, despite of the fact that the density declined significantly following creation of the lightgaps. As a result, there was a more rapid species accumulation than prior to lightgap creation. However, for the saplings the increase in species richness could be explained by the increase in the number of individuals over the six-year period. There were no significant changes in tree density and species richness for either size class for the control plots. Species composition diverged greatly from before to six years after cutting, for both size classes, as revealed by the NMDS ordinations. Moreover, for seedlings there was greater floristic similarity among plots before lightgap creation in comparison to evident divergence six years later. In contrast, for saplings floristic composition among plots was more similar after six years than prior to lightgap formation. There was little difference in floristic composition before lightgap formation and control plots. Lack of seed dispersal can be an important obstacle to natural regeneration of degraded pastures in the tropics. However, the lightgaps showed a marked increase in old-growth species originating from surrounding mature forests six years later. On intensely used sites where succession is slow, small-scale disturbance represent a feasible management tool to accelerate natural regeneration. Forest regeneration on abandoned pastures will depend on the regional pool of species and their successful establishment in secondary forest.
Fragmentation that alters mutualistic relationships between plants and frugivorous animals may reduce the seed dispersal of trees. We examined the effects of forest fragmentation on the distributions ...of seeds and seedlings of a Central Amazon endemic tree, Duckeodendron cestroides. In the dry seasons of 2002-2004, seeds and first-year seedlings were counted within wedge-shaped transects centered around Duckeodendron adults in fragments and nearby continuous forests at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragmentation Project. Analyses showed that fragmentation reduced seed dispersal quantity and quality. The percent and distance of dispersed seeds were both twice as great in continuous forest as in fragments. The distances of each tree's five furthest dispersed seeds were three times greater in continuous forest than fragments. Over the 3-yr study, 20 times more seeds were dispersed more than 10 m from parent crowns in continuous forest than fragments. A regression analysis showed more dispersed seeds at all distances in continuous forest than fragments. Dispersal differences were strong in 2002 and 2004, years of large fruit crops, but weak or absent in 2003, when fruit production was low. As distance from parent crowns increased, the number of seedlings declined more rapidly in fragments than continuous forest. Distance-dependent mortality between the seed and seedling stages appeared to be more important in continuous forest than fragments. This research provides ample, indirect evidence demonstrating that forest fragmentation can result in the breakdown of a seed dispersal mutualism, potentially jeopardizing the reproduction of a rare, tropical tree.
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