The past evolution of the Southern Ocean, one of the major components of the climatic system, is still a matter of debate. This study provides new insights into the deep Southern Ocean circulation ...based on the radiogenic isotopes and clay mineralogical signature of the terrigenous fractions transported by the main deep water masses to sediments recovered in core MD07-3076Q from the central South Atlantic. This approach successfully permits: (1) provenance identification of the various grain-size fractions (clay, cohesive silt and sortable silt); (2) assignment of each grain-size fraction to a specific water-mass; (3) reconstruction of past changes in the main deep water-mass pathways. These data document the evolution of deep-water masses in the South Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation. The Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) speed and northward extension were maximum at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), associated with strong bottom water production in the Weddell Sea, together with a vigorous Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW). In contrast the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) circulation was weaker than today. The onset of the deglaciation (from 17.5 ka to 15 ka, ∼Heinrich Stadial 1, HS 1) was marked by weakening and southerly retreat of the AABW and by an increase of mixing between AABW and LCDW. The speed of the AABW remained at its lowest during the Bølling Allerød (B/A) and the Younger Dryas (YD), and the LCDW slowed and retreated to the south, while the NADW progressively migrated southward, deepened, and strengthened between the beginning of the Bølling Allerød and the Holocene (from ∼15 to 10 ka).
•Radiogenic isotopes and clay mineralogy of detrital sediment in the South Atlantic.•Composition of detrital particles transported by deep water masses.•Reconstruction of deep water mass speeds and latitudinal extensions.•Enhancing/reduction of northern/southern born water masses during the deglaciation.•Significant AABW northward spreading and fastening at the end of the LGM.
Background: The study aimed to get drug utilization pattern using WHO prescribing indicators in pediatric patients.
Methods: It was an observational prospective study carried out in pediatric ...in-patients with a sample size of 280 patients based on inclusion, and exclusion criteria for a period of 6 months. The study data were collected using patient case record and analysis was done.
Results: Out of 280 patients data collected, majority of patients were in the gender male category 168 (60%) and many were from the age group of early childhood (1-5 years) 126 (45%). Respiratory tract infections were the major diagnosis made among the sample size. The drug class commonly prescribed were oral antibiotics 261 (28.38%). The average number of drugs per prescription were 3.28%. Among the total number of prescription percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and antibiotics were 2.7%, 76.07%. Percentage of patients prescribed with injection were 79.28%.
Conclusions: This study highlights WHO prescribing core indicators in evaluating the usage of rational prescription. It helps in reinforcing rational prescribing practices and increases awareness among physicians and medical students. Irrational prescriptions may result in harmful events. A rational prescription should follow the standard treatment guidelines of WHO. The assessment of these indicators can also help us to decrease the cost burden on the patient. Continuous education with focus on rational drug usage and evidence-based medicine can further increase the understanding and improves health care policies.
Early to Middle Miocene sea-level oscillations of approximately 40-60 m estimated from farfield records 1,2,3 are interpreted to reflect the loss of virtually all East Antarctic ice during peak ...warmth 2. This contrasts with ice-sheet model experiments suggesting most terrestrial ice in East Antarctica was retained even during the warmest intervals of the Middle Miocene 4,5. Data and model outputs can be reconciled if a large West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) existed and expanded across most of the outer continental shelf during the Early Miocene, accounting for maximum ice-sheet volumes. Here, we provide the earliest geological evidence proving large WAIS expansions occurred during the Early Miocene (~17.72-17.40 Ma). Geochemical and petrographic data show glacimarine sediments recovered at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1521 in the central Ross Sea derive from West Antarctica, requiring the presence of a WAIS covering most of the Ross Sea continental shelf. Seismic, lithological and palynological data reveal the intermittent proximity of grounded ice to Site U1521. The erosion rate calculated from this sediment package greatly exceeds the long-term mean, implying rapid erosion of West Antarctica. This interval therefore captures a key step in the genesis of a marine-based WAIS and a tipping point in Antarctic ice-sheet evolution.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan menggunakan rancangan eksperimental, pretest & posttest control group design. Terdapat dua kelompok dalam penelitian ini, yaitu kelompok ...eksperimen yang menerapkan perlakuan pembelajaran UDL berbasis SLN dan kelompok kontrol yang tidak menerapkan perlakuan. Subjek penelitian ini melibatkan mahasiswa sebanyak 45 orang di STKIP PGRI Situbondo yang mengambil mata kuliah Telaah Kurikulum. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini diolah dengan bantuan program SPSS for windows versi 22.0 dengan teknik analisis data paired sample t test untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar antara kelompok eksperimen (78,00) yang diberi perlakuan pembelajaran UDL berbasis SLN dengan kelompok kontrol (71,50) yang tidak diberi perlakuan. Hal ini juga dibuktikan dari hasil perhitungan menggunakan normalized gain diperoleh gain untuk kelompok eksperimen (0,38) sedangkan kelompok kontrol (0,12). Selisih rata-rata gain kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol adalah 0,38 – 0,12 = 0,26, dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa pembelajaran UDL berbasis SLN efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar mahasiswa. Dalam pengujian hipotesis menggunakan t test didapatkan hasil thitung sebesar 3,630 apabila dibandingkan dengan ttabel sebesar 1,729 yang berarti thitung > ttabel (3,630 > 1,729), artinya dengan demikian H1 diterima. Jadi kesimpulannya pembelajaran Universal Design for Learning berbasis Social Learning Networks berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar secara signifikan. Abstract. This research is an experimental research using experimental design, pretest & posttest control group design. There were two groups in this study, namely the experimental group that applied the SLL-based UDL learning treatment and the control group that did not apply the treatment. The subject of this study involved 45 students at STKIP PGRI Situbondo who took the Curriculum Study course. The data collected in this study were processed with the help of the SPSS for Windows version 22.0 program with paired sample t-test data analysis techniques to test the research hypothesis. The results showed that there were differences in learning outcomes between the experimental group (78.00) who were treated with SLL-based UDL learning and the untreated control group (71.50). This is also proven from the results of calculations using gain normalized obtained gain for the experimental group (0.38) while the control group (0.12). The difference in gain of the experimental group and the control group is 0.38 - 0.12 = 0.26, thus it can be said that the SLL-based UDL learning is effective for improving student learning outcomes. In testing the hypothesis using t-test the results of t-count are 3,630 when compared with t-table of 1,729 which means tcount> t table (3,630> 1,729), meaning that H1 is accepted. So the conclusion is the learning of Universal Design for Learning based on Social Learning Networks has an effect on learning outcomes significantly.
Alumina-supported Pd–Fe mono- and bimetallic catalysts have been prepared by microwave irradiation and by conventional calcination methods. The catalysts were characterised by powder X-ray ...diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and nitrogen adsorption measurements. Hydrogen chemisorption measurements were performed after low- and high-temperature reduction (LTR and HTR) of the catalyst. Hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene was carried out on the reduced catalysts. Microwave heating changed the crystallite size and the susceptibility of the catalysts to alloy formation, with a resultant increase in the activity of the reduced catalysts for the hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene.
Se evaluaron la composición química y algunas propiedades biológicas de cuatro especies de algas (Ulva rigida, Codium bursa, Cystoseira barbata y Ceramium diaphanum) que se recolectaron en el Golfo ...de Gabes (Túnez). Los contenidos de cenizas (11.35-29.08% de peso/peso seco p/ps) y azúcares totales (13.20-18.70% p/ps) fueron los más abundantes en estas algas. El contenido de proteínas fue moderado (5.03-14.00% p/ps), y el alga roja C. diaphanum presentó el valor más alto. El contenido de lípidos estuvo dentro del intervalo determinado para algas marinas (<3% p/ps). Los ácidos grasos saturados que se encontraron en mayor proporción fueron C16:0 (24.53-11.37%) y C12:0 (10.37-24.44%). El ácido graso monoinsaturado más abundante fue C18:1n-9 (21.74-54.22%), mientras que el ácido graso poliinsaturado más abundante fue C18:2n-6 (9.57-11.71%). Las variaciones en la composición química se pueden atribuir a diferencias tanto ambientales como genéticas entre las especies. Todos los extractos de algas mostraron actividad antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus simulans (diámetro de inhibición: 10-25 mm), actividad antioxidante (actividad secuestrante de radicales libres: 0.8-23%) y actividad antiinflamatoria (48-61% de inhibición de la actividad de la fosfolipasa A2); por lo tanto, las algas marinas estudiadas pueden ser consideradas como un recurso abundante de moléculas bioactivas.
The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) trial evaluated the addition of chemotherapy (CT) to preoperative radiation (preop RT) and the value of postoperative CT for ...improving the survival in patients with T3-4 resectable rectal cancer. Patients were allocated to the following four arms: arm 1, preop RT 45 Gy in 5 weeks; arm 2, preop RT plus two 5-day CT courses (fluorouracil 350 mg/m2/d and leucovorin 20 mg/m2/d) in the first and fifth week of RT; arm 3, preop RT plus four postoperative CT courses; and arm 4, preop RT and CT plus postoperative CT. We investigated the effect of adding CT on the pathologic parameters.
One thousand eleven patients were entered onto the trial; 505 received preop RT (arms 1 and 3), and 506 received preop RT-CT (arms 2 and 4). We analyzed the differences in tumor size, tumor node stage, number of retrieved nodes, and histologic features such as lymphatic, venous, and perineural invasions, tumor differentiation, and tumor type.
After preop RT-CT, tumors were smaller (P < .0001), had less advanced pT (P < .001) and pN stages (P < .001), had small numbers of examined nodes (P = .046), and less frequent LVN invasions (P < or = .008). Mucinous tumors increased after preop RT-CT (P < .001).
In patients with rectal cancer, preliminary results of EORTC Trial 22921 indicate that the addition of CT to preop RT induces down-sizing, downstaging, and significant changes in histologic characteristics. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the impact on local control and survival.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent chronic disease, associated with morbidity and mortality. Although effective treatment for OSA is commercially available, their provision is not ...guaranteed by lines of care throughout Brazil, making legal action necessary. This study aimed at presenting data related to the volume of legal proceedings regarding the access to diagnosis and treatment of OSA in Brazil.
This was a descriptive study of national scope, evaluating the period between January of 2016 and December of 2020. The number of lawsuits was analyzed according to the object of the demand (diagnosis or treatment). Projections of total expenses were carried out according to the number of lawsuits.
We identified 1,462 legal proceedings (17.6% and 82.4% related to diagnosis and treatment, respectively). The projection of expenditure for OSA diagnosis in the public and private spheres were R$575,227 and R$188,002, respectively. The projection of expenditure for OSA treatment in the public and private spheres were R$2,656,696 and R$253,050, respectively. There was a reduction in the number of lawsuits between 2017 and 2019.
Legal action as a strategy for accessing diagnostic and therapeutic resources related to OSA is a recurrent practice, resulting in inefficiency and inequity. The reduction in the number of lawsuits between 2017 and 2019 might be explained by the expansion of local health care policies or by barriers in the journey of patients with OSA, such as difficulties in being referred to specialized health care and low availability of diagnostic resources.
Leachates in waste landfills are characterized by the presence of ammonium ions in large excess. These ammonium ions can be exchanged with the interlayer cations in clay and modify the physical and ...chemical properties of clay geochemical barriers in waste landfills and drive to environmental problems. The purpose of this study was to understand the hydro-physical changes of a smectite in the presence of ammonium ions. An ammonium smectite was prepared by cation exchange from a natural montmorillonite (Wyoming). The samples were characterized and their properties were compared by the use of a set of complementary techniques (X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption BET technique, thermal analysis, and percolation experiments). The main effect was a modification of the porosity and its network, and reduced crystalline swelling. These effects changed the hydraulic conductivity and macroscopic swelling of the clay. The oedometer experiments, which allow simulating the pressure on small amounts of samples, proved the strong increase of the permeability of NH4-smectite. This last point is of great importance in an environment point of view and raises questions on the impermeability behaviour on the long term of the clay geochemical barriers with the presence of ammonium ions in waste landfills.
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