Background
Commercial hydrolysed diets are used for the diagnosis of food allergy in dogs. The cleaved parent proteins are presumed to be too small to elicit an allergic response by reacting with ...allergen‐specific immunoglobin E (IgE).
Objectives
To evaluate three commercial hydrolysed dog diets for proteins.
Animals
Sera were collected from dogs with suspected food allergy.
Methods
Two batches of each hydrolysed diet were examined by electrophoresis and visualized by Coomassie blue, silver nitrate staining and IgE immunoblotting.
Results
From two to five proteins, ranging from 21 to 67 kDa, were detected in all three diets evaluated. Circulating IgE antibodies targeting these proteins were detected by immunoblotting of dog sera. Six different carbohydrate proteins were identified by mass spectrometry; maize/potato granule‐bound starch synthase‐1, soybean glycinin, soybean β‐conglycinin α chain, potato aspartic protease inhibitor, rice glutelin type B1 and soybean sucrose‐binding protein. Four of these proteins have been described as allergens in humans.
Conclusions
Some commercial hydrolysed diets contain carbohydrate proteins. Some dogs have circulating IgE antibodies targeting these proteins. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.
Résumé
Contexte
Les aliments industriels hydrolysés sont utilisés pour le diagnostic d'allergie alimentaire chez le chien. Les protéines clivées sont supposées être trop petites pour entrainer une réponse allergique par réaction avec les immunoglobulines E spécifiques d'allergène (IgE).
Objectifs
Evaluer les protéines de trois aliments industriels hydrolysés pour chien.
Sujets
Des sera ont été prélevés sur des chiens suspects d'allergie alimentaire.
Méthodes
Deux lots de chaque aliment hydrolysé ont été examinés par électrophorèse et visualisés par coloration au bleu de Coomassie, au nitrate d'argent et par immunoblotting d'IgE.
Résultats
Deux à cinq protéines, de 21 à 67 kDa, ont été détectées dans les trois aliments. Les anticorps IgE circulants ciblant ces protéines ont été détectés par immunoblotting des sera des chiens. Six protéines différentes, introduites lors de la complémentation en carbohydrates, ont été identifiées par spectrométrie de masse; l'amidon synthase‐1 liée aux granules issue de maïs/pomme de terre, la glycinine de soja, la chaîne alpha de la Beta‐conglycinine de soja, l'inhibiteur de protéase aspartique de pomme de terre, la gluténine de type B1 de riz et la protéine liant le sucrose de soja.
Conclusion et importance clinique
Des aliments industriels hydrolysés contiennent des protéines introduites lors de la complémentation en carbohydrates. Certains chiens possèdent des anticorps IgE circulants ciblant ces protéines. La signification clinique de ces données est inconnue.
Resumen
Introducción
Las dietas comerciales hidrolizadas se utilizan para el diagnóstico de la alergia alimentaria en perros. Se supone que las proteínas parentales divididas son demasiado pequeñas para provocar una respuesta alérgica por reacción con la inmunoglobina E (IgE) específica del alérgeno.
Objetivos
Evaluar las proteínas de tres dietas comerciales hidrolizadas de perro.
Animales
Se obtuvieron sueros de perros con sospecha de alergia alimentaria.
Métodos
Se examinaron dos lotes de cada dieta hidrolizada mediante electroforesis y se visualizaron mediante azul de Coomassie, tinción con nitrato de plata e inmunotransferencia de IgE.
Resultados
De dos a cinco proteínas, con un tamaño de entre 21 a 67 kDa, se detectaron en las tres dietas evaluadas. Se detectaron anticuerpos IgE circulantes dirigidos a estas proteínas mediante inmunotransferencia de sueros de perro. Se identificaron seis proteínas de hidratos de carbono diferentes por espectrometría de masas; Almidón‐1 de almidón de maíz/patata, glucinina de soja, cadena α de β‐conglicinina de soja, inhibidor de la proteasa aspártica de patata, glutelina de arroz tipo B1 y proteína de unión a sacarosa de soja. Cuatro de estas proteínas se han descrito como alérgenos en seres humanos.
Conclusión y importancia clínica
Algunas dietas comerciales hidrolizadas contienen proteínas de carbohidratos. Algunos perros tienen anticuerpos IgE circulantes dirigidos a estas proteínas. Se desconoce la importancia clínica de estos hallazgos.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Kommerzielle hydrolysierte Diäten werden zur Diagnose einer Futtermittelallergie bei Hunden eingesetzt. Es wird angenommen, dass die gespaltenen Elternproteine so klein sind, dass sie keine allergische Reaktion durch die Bildung von Allergen‐spezifischem Immunglobulin E (IgE) auslösen.
Ziele
Eine Evaluierung von drei kommerziellen hydrolysierten Diäten für Hunde.
Tiere
Es wurden Sera von Hunden mit Verdacht auf Futtermittelallergie genommen.
Methoden
Es wurden zwei Chargen einer jeden hydrolysierten Diät mittels Elektrophorese untersucht und die Proteine mittels Coomassieblau, Silbernitratfärbung und IgE Immunblot sichtbar gemacht.
Ergebnisse
Es wurden zwischen zwei und fünf Proteine, mit einer Bandbreite von 21 bis 67 kDa in allen drei untersuchten Diäten gefunden. Mittels Immunblot wurden in den Hundesera zirkulierende IgE Antikörper, die auf diese Proteine abzielen, gefunden. Sechs verschiedene Kohlenhydratproteine wurden mittels Massenspektrometrie identifiziert; Mais/Kartoffel Granula‐gebundene Stärke Synthase‐1, Sojabohnen Glycinin, Sojabohnen β‐Conglycinin α Kette, Kartoffel Asparaginsäure Inhibitor, Reis Glutelin Typ B1 und Sojabohnen Sucrose‐bindendes Protein. Vier dieser Proteine sind beim Menschen als Allergene beschrieben.
Schlussfolgerung und klinische Bedeutung
Einige kommerzielle hydrolysierte Diäten enthalten Kohlenhydrat Proteine. Einige Hunde haben zirkulierende IgE Antikörper, die auf diese Proteine abzielen. Die klinische Signifikanz dieser Befunde ist unbekannt.
要約
背景
犬の食物アレルギーの診断には、市販の加水分解食が用いられている。分解された親タンパク質は、アレルゲン特異的免疫グロブリンE(IgE)と反応してアレルギー反応を誘発するには小さすぎると考えられている。
目的
3つの市販の犬の加水分解食のタンパク質を評価すること。
供与動物
食物アレルギーが疑われる犬から血清を採取した。
方法
各加水分解食の2つのバッチを電気泳動により検査し、クマシーブルー、硝酸銀染色およびIgE免疫ブロット法により可視化した。
結果
調査した3つの食餌のすべてにおいて、21〜67kDaのタンパク質が2〜5個検出された。これらのタンパク質を標的とする循環IgE抗体をイヌ血清の免疫ブロット法により検出した。トウモロコシ/ジャガイモ顆粒結合デンプン合成酵素‐1、大豆グリシニン、大豆β‐コングリシニンα鎖、ジャガイモアスパラギン酸プロテアーゼ阻害剤、米グルテリンB1型および大豆スクロース結合タンパクの6種の異なる糖タンパク質が質量分析によって同定された。これらのタンパク質のうちの4つは、人においてアレルゲンとして報告されている。
結論
市販の加水分解食のいくつかが、糖タンパク質を含んでいた。犬の中には、これらのタンパク質を標的とする循環IgE抗体を有する個体が存在した。これら所見の臨床的意義は不明である。
摘要
背景
商品化水解粮用于诊断犬的食物过敏,假定亲本蛋白被切割得很小,不会诱导产生与特异性过敏原免疫球蛋白E(IgE)反应的过敏应答。
目的
评估犬的三种商品化水解粮中的蛋白质。
动物
收集疑似食物过敏犬的血清。
方法
每种水解粮选取两批重复样品进行电泳检查,并通过考马斯兰、硝酸银染色和IgE免疫印迹直观呈现。
结果
在评估的三种日粮中检测到2‐5种蛋白质,大小范围为21‐67kDa。使用犬血清进行免疫印迹,检测靶向结合这些蛋白质的循环IgE抗体。通过质谱鉴定出六种不同的碳水化合物蛋白质;玉米/马铃薯颗粒结合淀粉合成酶‐1、大豆球蛋白、大豆β‐伴大豆球蛋白α链、马铃薯天冬氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、B1水稻谷蛋白和大豆蔗糖结合蛋白。这些蛋白质中有四种已被报道是人类的过敏原。
结论和临床意义
某些商品化水解粮中含有碳水化合物蛋白质。某些犬具有针对这些蛋白质的循环IgE抗体。这些发现的临床意义仍有待研究。
Resumo
Contexto
As dietas hidrolisadas comerciais são usadas para o diagnóstico de alergia alimentar em cães. As proteínas clivadas são potencialmente muito pequenas para elicitar uma resposta alérgica por reação com a imunoglobulina E alérgeno‐específica (IgE).
Objetivos
Avaliar três dietas caninas comerciais com proteínas hidrolisadas.
Animais
O soro de cães com suspeita de hipersensibilidade alimentar foi coletado.
Métodos
Três lotes de cada dieta hidrolisada foram examinados por eletroforese e visualizados por azul de Coomassie, corante nitrato de prata e IgE immunoblotting.
Resultados
Foram detectadas de três a cinco proteínas, variando entre 21 a 67 kDa, nas três dietas avaliadas. Anticorpos IgE circulantes específicos para estas proteínas foram detectados por immunoblotting de soro canino. Seis proteínas de carboidratos diferentes foram identificadas por espectrofotometria de fluxo; sintase‐1 de amido de milho/batata ligados a grânulos, glicina de soja, β‐conglicinina de cadeia α de soja, protease aspártica de batata, glutelina de arroz do tipo B1 e proteína ligada à sucrose da soja. Quatro dessas proteínas já foram descritas como alérgenos em humanos.
Conclusões
Algumas dietas comerciais hidrolisadas contém proteínas de carboidratos. Alguns cães possuem anticorpos IgE específicos para estas proteínas em seu soro. É desconhecida a importância clínica destes achados.
Background – Commercial hydrolysed diets are used for the diagnosis of food allergy in dogs. The cleaved parent proteins are presumed to be too small to elicit an allergic response by reacting with allergen‐specific immunoglobin E (IgE). Objectives – To evaluate three commercial hydrolysed dog diets for proteins. Conclusions – Some commercial hydrolysed diets contain carbohydrate proteins. Some dogs have circulating IgE antibodies targeting these proteins. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.
Pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth (PFO) is a problem that thwarts full implementation of cellular replacement therapies involving encapsulation in an immunoprotective material, such as for the ...treatment of diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have inherent anti-inflammatory properties. We postulated that coencapsulation of MSCs with the target cells would reduce PFO. A hepatoinsulinoma cell line (HUH7) was used to model human target cells and was coencapsulated with either human or mouse MSCs at different ratios in alginate microcapsules. Viability of encapsulated cells was assessed in vitro and xenografted either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously into C57BL/6 mice. Graft retrieval was performed at 3 weeks posttransplantation and assessed for PFO. Coencapsulation of human MSCs (hMSCs) or mouse MSCs (mMSCs) with HUH7 at different ratios did not alter cell viability in vitro. In vivo data from intraperitoneal infusions showed that PFO for HUH7 cells coencapsulated with hMSCs and mMSCs in a ratio of 1:1 was significantly reduced by ~30% and ~35%, respectively, compared to HUH7 encapsulated alone. PFO for HUH7 cells was reduced by ~51% when the ratio of mMSC/HUH7 was increased to 2:1. Implanting the microcapsules subcutaneously rather than intraperitoneally substantially reduced PFO in all treatment groups, which was most significant in the mMSC/HUH7 2:1 group with a ~53% reduction in PFO compared with HUH7 alone. Despite the reduced PFO reaction to the individual microcapsules implanted subcutaneously, all microcapsule treatment groups were contained in a vascularized fibrotic pouch at 3 weeks. The presence of MSCs in microcapsules retrieved from these fibrotic pouches improved graft survival with significantly higher cell viabilities of 83.1 ± 0.6% and 79.1 ± 0.8% seen with microcapsules containing mMSC/HUH7 at 2:1 and 1:1 ratios, respectively, compared to HUH7 alone (51.5 ± 0.7%) transplanted subcutaneously. This study showed that coencapsulation of MSCs with target cells has a dose-dependent effect on reducing PFO and improving graft survival when implanted either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously in a stringent xenotransplantation setting.
Relationships between genes and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been widely accepted since the first studies highlighting pathogenic mutations in the SOD1 gene 30years ago. Over the last ...three decades, scientific literature has clearly highlighted the central role played by genetic factors in the disease, in both clinics and pathophysiology, as well as in therapeutics. This implies that health professionals who care for patients with ALS are increasingly faced with patients and relatives eager to have answers to questions related to the role of genetic factors in the occurrence of the disease and the risk for their relatives to develop ALS. In order to address these public health issues, the French ALS network FILSLAN proposed to the Haute Autorité de santé (HAS) the drafting of a French National Protocol (PNDS) on ALS genetics. This PNDS was developed according to the "method for developing a national diagnosis and care protocol for rare diseases" published by the HAS in 2012 (methodological guide for PNDS available on the HAS website: http://www.has-sante.fr/). This document aims to provide the most recent data on the role of genes in ALS and to detail the implications for diagnosis and care.
In recent years, a growing number of studies have focused on the potential interest of urban green areas for supporting biodiversity. Private gardens, urban parks or green roofs may support ...relatively high densities of diverse wild bees. Knowledge is lacking regarding bee assemblages in Paris, the French capital, and one of the most densely populated part of France. In this context, we here provide a first assessment of the taxonomic and functional composition of bee assemblages in three urban parks in downtown Paris. Bees were sampled with a set of three coloured pan traps per park. Fifteen 24-hour sessions were performed from April to July 2011. We captured 425 specimens from 44 species representing five families and 11 genera. The assemblage was dominated by Halictidae (15 species representing 70.1% of total abundance), especially the eusocial species Lasioglossum morio that made 25.2% of total abundance. From a functional point of view, there were only two species of parasitic bees that made 1.2% of total abundance. Most non-parasitic species were polylectic and below-ground nesting. This study highlights the importance of preserving and managing urban parks and other green areas to promote the conservation of wild bees and ultimately the functionality of pollination service in urban ecosystems.
Aberrant activation of the NRF2/NFE2L2 transcription factor commonly occurs in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Mouse model studies have shown that NRF2 activation alone does not ...result in cancer. When combined with classic oncogenes and at the right dose, NRF2 activation promotes tumor initiation and progression. Here we deleted the tumor suppressor genes p16INK4A and p53 (referred to as CP mice), which are commonly lost in human HNSCC, in the presence of a constitutively active NRF2E79Q mutant (CPN mice). NRF2E79Q expression in CPN mice resulted in squamous cell hyperplasia or dysplasia with hyperkeratosis in the esophagus, oropharynx, and forestomach. In addition, CPN mice displayed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC); CP mice bearing wild-type NRF2 expression did not develop oral cavity hyperplasia, dysplasia or OSCC. In both CP and CPN mice, we also observed predominantly abdominal sarcomas and carcinomas. Our data show that in the context of p53 and p16 tumor suppressor loss, NRF2 activation serves oncogenic functions to drive OSCC. CPN mice represent a new model for OSCC that closely reflects the genetics of human HNSCC.
Human squamous cancers frequently show constitutive NRF2 activation, associated with poorer outcomes and resistance to multiple therapies. Here, we report the first activated NRF2-driven and human-relevant mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma that develops in the background of p16 and p53 loss. The availability of this model will lead to a clearer understanding of how NRF2 contributes to the initiation, progression, and therapeutic response of OSCC.
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