Iron oxide-Fe
2
O
3
nanoparticles-NPs and microparticles-MPs widely used in medical applications were comparatively investigated for
in vitro
mutagenicity and
in vivo
cytotoxicity/genotoxicity using ...the Ames test in
Salmonella typhimurium
strains (125, 250, 500, 750, 1,000 µg/mL) and chromosome aberration/comet assays in
Allium cepa
(all concentrations but 1,000 µg/mL), for the first time. Neither of the particles was mutagenic in all the bacterial strains in the media without (-S9) mix. However, with the S9 mix, a significant increase was determined in the reverting colonies in some concentrations in TA 97a. In TA 102, all the concentrations but 125 µg/mL also revealed a significant increase. These effects were regarded as weak mutagens since they were < twofold of the negative value. In the Allium test, almost all concentrations of NPs and MPs significantly decreased mitotic index (MI) compared to the negative control at all treatment times (down to 6.06% at 250 µg/mL and 6.40% at 750 µg/mL at 48 h, respectively). The frequency of aberrations significantly increased following all concentrations of NPs in all treatment periods (the highest was 62.03%). However, only a few concentrations of MPs induced significant aberrations (the highest was 32.18%). In the comet assay, while the two lowest concentrations of NPs were more effective in DNA damage, Fe
2
O
3
MPs significantly increased DNA damage at more treatment points at both treatment periods. Both particles were also characterized morphologically and physicochemically
.
The results revealed that further investigations using different organisms and test systems are necessary for the safer usage of these particles.
Graphical abstract
It is known that most chemicals, which have been increasingly used since ancient times, have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. As an alternative to these chemicals, natural compounds, such as plant ...growth regulators (PGRs) have been used. However, are the PGRs used to obtain efficient plants in agriculture as harmless as it is thought today when it is essential to access natural foods in the food and agriculture sectors? Therefore, this study investigates the mutagenic activity of two plant growth regulators (Kinetin, Chlormequat chloride (CCC)) using the Ames/Salmonella short-time test system. Experiments were performed in the presence (+ S9) or absence (-S9) of metabolic activation enzymes using TA 98 and TA 100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. 5 non-cytotoxic doses for each test substance were investigated. The results were evaluated by comparing them with spontaneous control plates. According to the results, a 2500 µg/plate dose of Kinetin was to be found mutagenic on the strain TA 98 in the presence and in the absence of S9 enzyme, and on the strain TA 100 in the absence of the S9 enzyme. The other substance CCC did not cause mutagenic effects on the bacterial strains.
It is known that most chemicals, which have been increasingly used since ancient times, have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. As an alternative to these chemicals, natural compounds, such as plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been used. However, are the PGRs used to obtain efficient plants in agriculture as harmless as it is thought today when it is essential to access natural foods in the food and agriculture sectors? Therefore, this study investigates the mutagenic activity of two plant growth regulators (Kinetin, Chlormequat chloride (CCC)) using the Ames/Salmonella short-time test system. Experiments were performed in the presence (+ S9) or absence (-S9) of metabolic activation enzymes using TA 98 and TA 100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. 5 non-cytotoxic doses for each test substance were investigated. The results were evaluated by comparing them with spontaneous control plates. According to the results, a 2500 µg/plate dose of Kinetin was to be found mutagenic on the strain TA 98 in the presence and in the absence of S9 enzyme, and on the strain TA 100 in the absence of the S9 enzyme. The other substance CCC did not cause mutagenic effects on the bacterial strains.
Cyanotoxin genotoxicity: a review Yilmaz, Serkan; Ülger, Taha Gökmen; Göktaş, Bayram ...
Toxin reviews,
04/2022, Letnik:
41, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Cyanobacteria are broadly producing secondary metabolites including cyanotoxins. More than 40 genera of cyanobacteria produce cyanotoxins. The presence of cyanotoxins in water presents a global ...problem due to environmental deterioration and possible toxic effects to human and animals. Because of anthropogenic activities and climate change, the occurrence of these toxins have been increasing worldwide. The major route of human exposure to cyanotoxins is the oral intake. Increased exposure of cyanotoxins brings some risks related to public health. In this review, possible genotoxic effects of well-known cyanotoxins (Cylindrospermopsin, Microcystin-LR, Nodularin, Anatoxin-a and Homoanatoxin-a) were deeply reviewed. This article aimed to explain genotoxic activity and mechanisms underlying the genotoxic effects of cyanotoxins by reviewing large databases.
The survival of Staphylococcus aureus (St. aureus), Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Eschericia coli O157:H7, Shigella flexneri (Sh. flexneri) and Salmonella enteritidis (Sa. enteritidis) in ...urfa cheese (a traditional white-brined Turkish cheese) which was stored in brine concentrations varying from 12.5 to 17.5% (wt/v) was tested. Two sets of cheeses were made, namely scalded and unscalded cheeses (scalding was done by heating at 95 degrees C for 3 min). The variations in the counts of pathogenic colonies were monitored throughout a 90-day storage period at <10 degrees C. Results indicated that scalding caused statistically significant reductions in the colony counts of Y. enterocolitica, E. coli O157:H7, Sh. flexneri and Sa. enteritidis during the early periods of storage. In contrast, St. aureus and B. cereus were not generally affected by scalding and brine concentrations, although B. cereus in 17.5% (wt/v) brine was affected. In the unscalded cheeses, 12.5 and 15.0% (wt/v) brine concentrations seemed to be insufficient to eradicate the pathogenic organisms examined.
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