Rituals like Yagya, Sanskar etc. are specific rituals developed by Indian sages after long research and experimental testing. In this, the subtle inner powers are awakened and organized through ...disciplined gross activities. In this, the subtle inner powers are awakened and organized through disciplined gross activities. There are three important stages of Yagya - Prayaj, Yaaj and Anuyaj, through which the welfare of human beings and society is possible by increasing the Yagya motivations. The three stages of Yagya – Prayaj, Yaj, and Anuyaj – are deeply important for the development of sacrificial feelings. Prayag, in the first phase of Yagya, awakens the spiritual energy of social virtues of the society. This stage provides the individual with suitable tools for his spiritual practice and shows him the path to purify his mind and move in a spiritual direction. In the second phase of Yaj, the people of the society get an opportunity to come together and the feeling of cooperation, morality, and social harmony increases among the people involved in the Yagya. This stage helps in making social life pleasant and prosperous and promotes social cooperation. Anuyaaj plays an important role in the third phase of Yagya to maintain the prestige of social justice and religion in the society. Through this stage, love, harmony, generosity, cooperation, honesty, restraint, and virtue develop in the inherent qualities of the people, which increases the introduction of harmony and justice in the society. In this manner, the three stages of Yagya promote the concept of social virtues and encourage spiritual strength.
यज्ञ संस्कार आदि कर्मकाण्ड भारतीय ऋषि मुनियों द्वारा लम्बी शोध एवं प्रयोग परीक्षण द्वारा विकसित असामान्य क्रिया-कृत्य हैं। इसमें अनुशासनबद्ध स्थूल क्रिया-कलापों के द्वारा अन्तरंग की सूक्ष्म शक्तियों को जागृत एवं व्यवस्थित किया जाता है। इसमें अनुशासनबद्ध स्थूल क्रिया-कलापों के द्वारा अन्तरंग की सूक्ष्म शक्तियों को जागृत एवं व्यवस्थित किया जाता है। यज्ञ के तीन महत्त्वपूर्ण चरण - प्रयाज, याज एवं अनुयाज, जिनके द्वारा यज्ञीय प्रेरणाओं में वृद्धि द्वारा मानव और समाज का कल्याण संभव है। यज्ञीय भावनाओं के विकास के लिए यज्ञ के तीन चरण - प्रयाज, याज, और अनुयाज, गहराई से महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं। प्रयाज, यज्ञ के प्रथम चरण में समाज की सामाजिक सद्गुणों की आध्यात्मिक ऊर्जा को जागृत करता है। यह चरण व्यक्ति को अपनी आध्यात्मिक साधना के लिए उपयुक्त उपकरण प्रदान करता है और उसे अपने मन को शुद्ध करने और आध्यात्मिक दिशा में अग्रसर होने का मार्ग दिखाता है। याज, यज्ञ के द्वितीय चरण में समाज के लोगों को एक साथ आने का अवसर मिलता है और यज्ञ में सम्मिलित व्यक्तियों में सहयोग, नैतिकता, और सामाजिक समरसता की भावना की अभिवृद्धि होती है। इस चरण से सामाजिक जीवन को सुखद और समृद्ध बनाने में सहायता मिलती है और सामाजिक सहयोग को बढ़ावा दिया जाता है। अनुयाज, यज्ञ के तृतीय चरण में समाज में सामाजिक न्याय और धर्म की प्रतिष्ठा को बनाए रखने की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। इस चरण से प्रजा के अंतर्निहित गुणों में प्रेम, सद्भाव, उदारता, सहयोग, ईमानदारी, संयम, और सदाचार का विकास होता है, जिससे समाज में समरसता और न्याय का परिचय बढ़ता है। इस तरीके से, यज्ञ के तीन चरण सामाजिक सद्गुणों की संकल्पना को बढ़ावा देते हैं और आध्यात्मिक सामर्थ्य को प्रोत्साहित करते हैं।
Ashwamedha Yagya in Puran Bhardwaj, Manisha
DEV SANSKRITI : Interdisciplinary International Journal (Online),
05/2024, Letnik:
23
Journal Article
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The Ashwamedha yagya is one of the most important ritualistic practices in Indian culture and society. It was performed to uplift human consciousness and refine mass consciousness. The Puranas serve ...as excellent sources for understanding the history of Indian society, containing information about lineages, dynasties, and their actions. The present study aims to provide an overview of instances where accounts of the Ashwamedha yagya were performed in history. Instances of Ashwamedh yagya are ample in the Puranas. Ashwamedha Yagya in the Chandravanshi (Lunar Dynasty) (Mahabharat era), Ikshvaku Dynasty (Ramayan era), Ashwamedha Yagya in Other Great Dynasties including beyond Ramayan era, and Ashwamedha Yagya by the Great Sages are noted in the present perspective review. Furthermore, stories of the performance of the Ashwamedha Yagya abound in the Puranas, indicating that these rituals were among the most sacred and highly revered events in ancient Indian culture.
प्रस्तुत शोध का उद्देश्य रामचरितमानस में वर्णित यज्ञ की वर्तमान समय में प्रासंगिकता का अध्ययन करना है। यज्ञ की महत्ता प्राचीन काल से चली आ रही है। यज्ञ की महिमा का गान ऋग्वेद से लेकर पुराण और बहुत से ...धर्म ग्रंथों ने किया है। रामचरितमानस यज्ञीय संस्कृति की रक्षा और संवर्धन का एक सतत् प्रयास करती है। श्रीराम का जन्म यज्ञीय वातावरण में होता है। यज्ञ की रक्षार्थ ही वे अयोध्या छोड़कर निकलते हैं और विवाह भी धनुष यज्ञ द्वारा होता है। सारे जीवन वे ऋषियों की रक्षा करते हुए यज्ञीय जीवन बिताते हैं। स्वयं भी अंत में अश्वमेध यज्ञ करते हैं। रामकथा यज्ञमय ही है। आज के दूषित वातावरण को परिष्कृत करने हेतु यज्ञ उतना ही प्रासंगिक है जितना रामचरितमानस काल में था।
Selective browsing by deer on young trees may impede the management goal of increasing forest resilience against climate change and other disturbances. Deer population density is often considered the ...main driver of browsing impacts on young trees, however, a range of other variables such as food availability also affect this relationship. In this study, we use browsing survey data from 135 research plots to explore patterns of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) browsing pressure on woody plants in mountainous forests in central Europe. We fitted species‐specific generalised linear mixed models for eight woody taxa, assessing the potential effects of understory characteristics, roe deer abundance and lying deadwood on browsing intensity. Our study reveals conspecific and associational effects for woody taxa that are intermediately browsed by roe deer. Selective browsing pressure was mediated by preferences of plants, in that, browsing of strongly preferred woody taxa as for example mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) and of least preferred woody taxa, for example Norway spruce (Picea abies) was not affected by the surrounding understory vegetation, while browsing pressure on intermediately browsed species like for example silver fir (Abies alba) was affected by understory characteristics. Contrary to our expectations, roe deer abundance was only positively associated with browsing pressure on silver fir and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), while all other plants were unaffected by deer abundance. Finally, we did not find an influence of lying deadwood volume on the browsing pressure on any woody‐plant species. Overall, our results indicate that patterns in browsing preference and intensity are species‐specific processes and are partly affected by the surrounding understory vegetation. Current management strategies that aim to reduce browsing pressure through culling may be inefficient as they do not address other drivers of browsing pressure. However, managers also need to consider the characteristics of the local understory vegetation in addition to deer abundance and design species‐specific plans to reduce browsing on woody plant taxa.
We assessed the associational effects of characteristics of the herb layer cover on the browsing pressure of roe deer on woody plants. We found associational effects for woody taxa that were of intermediate preference to deer, while roe deer abundance only affected browsing pressure on few woody plants. Overall, associational effects of understory characteristics appear to be highly species‐specific and context‐dependent.
With evolving pandemic, a substantial proportion of patients are presenting with liver dysfunction as an extra-pulmonary manifestation of COVID-19 illness. We planned this study to evaluate the ...incidence of liver dysfunction in COVID-19 pneumonia and find an association between abnormal liver function and the severity of the disease.
We retrospectively analysed the hospital records of 344 patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 illness admitted to a Dedicated COVID Hospital in North India.
Out of 344 patients included in the study, 59.9% were males. The abnormal liver functions were present in 78.49% of patients at admission. Mean age of the patient with liver dysfunction was 53.41 ± 15.71 years. The incidence of elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and hypoalbuminemia was 82.96%, 74.91%, and 69.7%, respectively, in patients with COVID-19 at admission. A positive correlation was found between the levels of AST, ALT and hypoalbuminemia with severity of disease. Mortality was 33% in patients with liver dysfunction in comparison to 18.9% in patients with normal liver functions.
More than 75% of the patient had abnormal liver functions at admission, and mortality was also high in this group. Mortality can be effectively reduced if laboratory parameters such as elevated AST and ALT and hypoalbuminemia are closely monitored at admission and during hospital stay in patients with risk factors like male, age <55 years and HTN.
A 43-year-old male using valproic acid (VA) for 2 years for seizure disorder presented with right-sided moderate pleural effusion. Pleural fluid analysis revealed exudative effusion with 42% ...eosinophils. There was no evidence of haemothorax, pneumothorax, malignancy, and parasitic infections. Suspecting a drug-related event, VA was discontinued. The patient showed clinical improvement with resolution of pleural effusion on chest radiograph three weeks later. VA is a popular drug used for variety of disorders like seizures, migraines, and schizophrenia. There is a paucity of literature on VA-induced pleural effusion. Though a rare phenomenon, clinicians should be aware of such a possibility to avoid erroneous diagnosis.
Introduction: Medical education has been adversely affected during COVID-19 pandemic. Imparting medical education through e-platforms exclusively was a novel experience both for students and ...teachers. Even though online classes have been ongoing since almost a year and half, not much data on perception and experience about e-learning among medical students is available from India. Aim: To evaluate perceptions, experiences and challenges faced by medical students regarding e-learning during lockdown period owing to COVID-19 along with their future preferences. Materials and Methods: The present study was a questionnaire based cross-sectional survey regarding use of e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic among 340 MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) and Bachelor of Science Nursing (BSc-NUR) students. Study was conducted in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine at Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Medical College and Hospital Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India from May-July 2021. Students perceptions’ of e-learning were assessed using the validated Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model and responses were measured on 5-point Likert scale. Quantitative data was expressed by mean and standard deviation and significant level of differences between means were tested by Student’s t-test (unpaired). Proportions were compared by Chi-square test or Fisher’s-exact test. Results: Out of 400 students, 340 responded of which 225 were females. Of the total 340 students, 97.9% (n=333) respondents, had an idea of e-learning and more than half (n=188; 55.3%) had used any type of e-learning platform prior to onset of COVID-19. More number of MBBS students had used e-learning than BScNUR students (55% v/s 41%; p=0.033). Cell phone was the most common device (n=324; 95.3%) used. The quick sharing of material (n=258; 76%) and flexibility (n=233; 68.5%) were top rated benefits of e-learning. The key disadvantages were suboptimal practical training (n=222; 65.3%) and lack of face-to-face interactions (n=146; 43%). Majority of students voted for traditional learning (n=156; 45.9%) closely followed by blended learning (n=140; 41.2%). Conclusion: The students had an overall positive attitude towards e-learning and wanted to continue e-learning alongside traditional teaching i.e., blended learning. Exploration of merits and barriers to e-learning during pandemic can act as a guide to implement blended learning in medical curriculum for enhanced teaching/learning experience.
Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterised by limitation of airflow that is not fully reversible. Acute exacerbations lead to worsening of respiratory symptoms which ...results in increased hospitalisation incurring high socio-economic costs. Timely diagnosis and early treatment of exacerbation can avoid unnecessary hospitalisation and mortality. Biomarkers which may function as diagnostic and prognostication aids are of great help in resource constrained countries like India. Indian literature on the role of biomarkers in such context are scarce. Aim: To evaluate serum levels of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Procalcitonin (PCT) in COPD patients admitted in respiratory ward with acute exacerbation and assess their correlation with course of disease. Materials and Methods: The present study was an observational study in which a total of 103 COPD patients, diagnosed as per Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines admitted with acute exacerbation, were included in the study. All patients were subjected to routine investigations at admission. The serum CRP and PCT levels were assessed at the time of admission, discharge and at four weeks after discharge as well. Normality of quantitative data was checked by measures of Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of normality. For normally distributed data means were compared using unpaired t-test. For skewed data or scores Mann-Whitney Test was applied. For categorical variables, numbers and percentages were calculated. The data observed at various points of time was compared using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test or paired t-test whichever was applicable depending on its normality. Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman’s Rank Test. All calculations were two-sided and were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) trial version 17.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). A p-value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: Serum levels of CRP and PCT measured were as follows; 10.80±21.1 mg/L, 7.40±8.9 mg/L and 3.50±6.20 mg/L (mean±standard deviation) and 0.08±0.11 mg/L, 0.05±0.70 mg/L, and 0.01±0.04 mg/L (mean±standard deviation) at admission, discharge and follow-up, respectively. The CRP and PCT levels were significantly higher at the time of admission than at discharge and follow-up (p-value ≤0.001, p-value ≤0.001) which correlated with severity of breathlessness as per Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale. A significant correlation between CRP and PCT values was found at the time of admission (r=0.423, p-value ≤0.001) and at discharge (r=0.310, p-value ≤0.001) but not at follow-up (r=0.049, p-value=0.622). Conclusion: The serum levels of CRP and PCT dropped significantly from admission to discharge and then follow-up after one month. The change in these parameters correlated well with exacerbation and stable phases of COPD. Further research is required to validate their role as biomarkers of acute exacerbation of COPD.
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