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•Biomarkers of sublethal 2,4-D exposure determined by a unique analytical platform.•E. coli strains were exposed to sublethal levels of 2,4-D.•Exhibit a filamentous phenotype that is ...reversible with polyamine treatment.•Have remodeled cell envelopes and altered vital metabolic pathways.•The majority of effects caused by 2,4-D exposure are related to oxidative stress.
The chlorophenoxy herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is used extensively worldwide despite its known toxicity and our limited understanding of how it affects non-target organisms. Escherichia coli is a suitable model organism to investigate toxicity and adaptation mechanisms in bacteria exposed to xenobiotic chemicals. We developed a methodical platform that uses atomic force microscopy, metabolomics and biochemical assays to quantify the response of E. coli exposed to sublethal levels of 2,4-D. This herbicide induced a filamentous phenotype in E. coli BL21 and a similar phenotype was observed in a selection of genotypically diverse E. coli strains (A0, A1, B1, and D) isolated from the environment. The filamentous phenotype was observed at concentrations 1000 times below field levels and was reversible upon supplementation with polyamines. Cells treated with 2,4-D had more compliant envelopes, significantly remodeled surfaces that were rougher and altered vital metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, the ABC transport system, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, amino acid, nucleotide and sugar metabolism. Most of the observed effects could be attributed to oxidative stress, consistent with increases in reactive oxygen species as a function of 2,4-D exposure. This study provides direct evidence that 2,4-D at sublethal levels induces oxidative stress and identifies the associated metabolic changes in E. coli.
Introduction: The most common major salivary gland neoplasm is the Pleomorphic adenoma. Only 10% of the pleomorphic adenoma occur in minor salivary glands. 42.8% to 68.8% of cases with intraoral ...lesion occurs in the palate. Here we present a rare case of a pleomorphic adenoma masquerading as a lesion of odontogenic origin. Case report presents a male patient who reported with a chief complaint of swelling in the upper left tooth region since 3 months. Panoramic radiograph revealed shadow of a soft tissue swelling in the left maxillary posterior region with destruction and resorption of the alveolar process. Radiographic differential diagnosis of benign odontogenic/non-odontogenic cysts or tumours, benign minor salivary gland tumours were considered. Excisional biopsy was carried out and the lesion was removed in total up to the periosteum and the overlying mucosa and sent for histopathologic examination, which suggested pleomorphic adenoma. Conclusion: Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign neoplasm which has excellent prognosis with a cure rate of more than 95%. However, periodic long term follow up is mandatory.
Oral candidiasis is a frequently encountered fungal infection of the oral cavity. Its etiology is multifactorial, attributable to the disparity in the microorganisms inhabiting the oral cavity. ...Probiotics are live microorganisms that can have antagonistic effects on other pathogens. The benefits of probiotics in the management of gastrointestinal disorders are well known. Probiotics have been tried as a newer treatment option for managing oral candidal infections. Therefore, the present review attempts to summarize the significant data available from clinical trials about the efficacy of probiotics on oral candidal infections. A computerized search in PubMed and the Cochrane Library was conducted using the terms Candidosis (OR) Candidiasis (OR) oral Candida (AND) probiotics, to identify randomized controlled trials published from 2010 to April 2020. We identified forty-six articles and six of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this review. The studies have assessed the role of probiotics in oral Candida by measuring the candidal counts in samples from various intraoral sites, the clinical cure rate, or both. The probiotics used in most studies were of Lactobacillus species and Streptococcus salivarius. This review concludes that probiotics have preventive and curative effects on oral candidal infections, but the efficacy depends on the dosage, duration, and type of the probiotic strains.
Nasal septal deviation (NSD) and concha bullosa (CB) are associated with airway obstruction in mouth breathers. Mouth breathing is associated with alterations in maxillary growth and palatal ...architecture. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of the presence of CB and NSD on the dimensions of the hard palate using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
A retrospective study was conducted using CBCT scans of 200 study subjects. The study subjects were divided into four groups based on the presence of CB and NSD. Septal deviation angle (SDA), palatal interalveolar length (PIL), palatal depth (PD) and maxillopalatal arch angle (MPAA) were measured in the study groups.
The presence of NSD and CB was associated with significant (p < 0.001) differences in the palatal dimensions of the study subjects. The PIL and MPA (p < 0.001) were significantly reduced (p < 0.001), whereas the PD was significantly increased (p < 0.001) in study subjects with NSD and CB. There was no significant change in the palatal dimensions between the unilateral and bilateral types of CB. Among the palatal dimensions, the PIL had the most significant association (R
= 0.53) with SDA and CB. There was a significant correlation between the palatal dimensions and SDA when CB was present along with NSD.
Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the presence of NSD and CB have a significant effect on the palatal dimensions and, therefore, they may be associated with skeletal malocclusion.
Post-translational modification expands the functionality of the proteome beyond genetic encoding, impacting many cellular processes. Cleavage of the carboxyl terminus is one of the many different ...ways proteins can be modified for functionality. Gel-electrophoresis and mass spectrometric-based techniques were used to identify proteins impacted by deficiency of a C-terminal protease, CtpA, in
bv.
3841. Predicted CtpA substrates from 2D silver stained gels were predominantly outer membrane and transport proteins. Proteins with altered abundance in the wild type and
(RL4692) mutant, separated by 2D difference gel electrophoresis, were selected for analysis by mass spectrometry. Of those identified, 9 were the periplasmic solute-binding components of ABC transporters, 5 were amino acid metabolic enzymes, 2 were proteins involved in sulfur metabolism, and 1 each was related to carbon metabolism, protein folding and signal transduction. Alterations to ABC-binding-cassette transporters, nutrient uptake efficiency and to amino acid metabolism indicated an impact on amino acid metabolism and transport for the
mutant, which was validated by measured amino acid levels.
In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has gained significant importance in medical education. Radiology education also has seen the induction of VR technology. However, there is no comprehensive ...review in this specific area. This review aims to fill this knowledge gap.
This systematic literature review aims to explore the scope of VR use in radiology education.
A literature search was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for articles relating to the use of VR in radiology education, published from database inception to September 1, 2023. The identified articles were then subjected to a PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-defined study selection process.
The database search identified 2503 nonduplicate articles. After PRISMA screening, 17 were included in the review for analysis, of which 3 (18%) were randomized controlled trials, 7 (41%) were randomized experimental trials, and 7 (41%) were cross-sectional studies. Of the 10 randomized trials, 3 (30%) had a low risk of bias, 5 (50%) showed some concerns, and 2 (20%) had a high risk of bias. Among the 7 cross-sectional studies, 2 (29%) scored "good" in the overall quality and the remaining 5 (71%) scored "fair." VR was found to be significantly more effective than traditional methods of teaching in improving the radiographic and radiologic skills of students. The use of VR systems was found to improve the students' skills in overall proficiency, patient positioning, equipment knowledge, equipment handling, and radiographic techniques. Student feedback was also reported in the included studies. The students generally provided positive feedback about the utility, ease of use, and satisfaction of VR systems, as well as their perceived positive impact on skill and knowledge acquisition.
The evidence from this review shows that the use of VR had significant benefit for students in various aspects of radiology education. However, the variable nature of the studies included in the review reduces the scope for a comprehensive recommendation of VR use in radiology education.
Phages vB_RleM_RL38JI and vB_RleM_RL2RES are known to mediate generalized transduction in
The RL38JI genome consists of 158,577 nucleotides and 270 predicted genes, whereas RL2RES has a 156,878-bp ...genome with 262 predicted genes. The two genomes are similar, with 82.88% nucleotide identity to each other.
Introduction: Developmental disturbances of teeth at the stage of morpho-differentiation have been related to abnormalities associated with changes in the tooth shape and size. Dens evaginatus and ...dens invaginatus are the developmental variations of the human dentition. Dens evaginatus, a rare anomaly characterized by the presence of a tubercle on the occlusal surface of teeth is seen to occur due to abnormal proliferation and folding of the inner enamel epithelium and part of the dental papilla into the stellate reticulum of the enamel organ; whereas, dens invaginatus is seen to occur due to infolding of the enamel and dentine into the pulp cavity and sometimes extending to the root apex. Case report: We report cases with bilateral dens evaginatus in mandibular second premolars and dens invaginatus in maxillary lateral incisor. Conclusion: Such developmental anomalies of teeth deserve clinical importance, as high chances of early pulpal pathosis.
Background: Carcinogenesis is a multistep process where a healthy cell has initially a precancerous stage and finally an early cancerous stage. The process of carcinogenesis can be divided into three ...stages of initiation, promotion, and progression. In this process, there is increased turnover, secretion, and/or shedding from malignant cells. Glycoproteins like sialic acid are expressed on the cell surface. In oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer (OC), the sialic acid level is seen to increase due to high cell turnover and shedding of malignant cells which, in turn, results in the release of glycoproteins like sialic acid into circulation. Glycoproteins also form an important constituent of salivary mucins and hence due to the same mechanism, an increase in sialic acid level is also seen in saliva. Objective: The aim is to estimate serum and salivary sialic acid levels in healthy controls, patients with OPMDs and patients with OC. Materials and Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study, serum and salivary sialic acid levels were estimated in thirty healthy controls, thirty patients with OPMDs and thirty patients with OC. Results: Serum and salivary sialic acid levels obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Post hoc Tukey test was used to compare the serum and salivary sialic acid levels of the two study groups to the control group. ANOVA test was used for the comparison of sialic acid levels between the groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess correlation (P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). The mean serum and salivary sialic acid levels were increased significantly in subjects with OPMDs and OC when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: This study highlights the high expression of sialic acid on outer cell membranes, due to the significant increase in subjects with OPMDs and OC when compared to healthy controls. A significant increase in sialic acid level is also seen in saliva. Hence, it can be stated that saliva can be used as a reliable, noninvasive tool in diagnosis and management of OPMDs and OC.
Health professionals have often acknowledged that their profession does not prepare them for teaching. Hence the teaching style has been predominantly the traditional lecture based system. In this ...review, we get a gist of the innovative teaching methods, which have gained acceptance in the recent years, and how the implementation of these has become crucial for effective teaching learning process. Problem based learning, case based team based learning, microteaching and flipped classroom are some of the innovations discussed. The dental faculty also need to undergo a series of training to be well equipped with these methods, and also the institutes wanting to implement the above methods should have the infrastructure, so that the students are also well equipped and motivated to utilize the innovations which in turn will help them think and acquire knowledge in an effective, systematic manner.
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