This survey shows that heterogeneous server clusters can be made more efficient by conserving power and energy while exploiting information from the service level, such as request priorities ...established by service-level agreements.
Synopsis
Objectives
The purpose of this work was to quantify textural properties of cosmetic and pharmaceutical raw materials.
Methods
Textural parameters such as hardness, consistency, cohesiveness, ...index of viscosity, stickiness and resilience were evaluated. The measurements were performed using texture analyser – a tensile metre equipped with special probes (in the form of acrylic cylinder and stainless steel sphere), which can penetrate the measured sample of a product recording the force, distance and time. The instrument simulates the action of a human finger touching the surface and probing the properties of an object. The set‐up has been previously shown to quantify the rheological/textural properties of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products such as creams, lotion and gels as well as rheological behaviour of human skin.
Results and Conclusions
The results include the analysis of water, glycerine and mineral oil as well as aqueous solutions of thickeners such as Acrylates/C10‐30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer (Ultrez‐20 obtained from Noveon) and carbomer. Solutions of common surfactants and complex surfactant formulations such as shampoos have also been investigated. The results, in the form plots of force as a function of time or distance, resulting from slow bidirectional probe movement (submergence and desubmergence) in the analysed fluid, were interpreted by considering buoyancy, drag and viscous drag force given by Stokes equation. The data can be used to correlate with tactile evaluations of products by trained panel evaluations.
Résumé
Objectifs
Le but de ce travail était de quantifier les propriétés texturales des matières premières cosmétiques et pharmaceutiques.
Methodes
Les paramètres de texture telles que la dureté, la cohérence, la cohésion, l'indice de viscosité, la viscosité et la résistance ont été évalués. Les mesures ont été effectuées à l'aide Texture Analyzer – un appareil de mesure de traction équipé avec des sondes spécifiques (sous forme d'un cylindre acrylique et d'une sphère en acier inoxydable), qui peut pénétrer dans l' échantillon en test et enregistrer la force, la distance et le temps. L' instrument simule l'action d'un doigt humain qui touche la surface et palpe ainsi les propriétés d'un objet. Le dispositif a été précédemment décrit pour quantifier les propriétés rhéologiques/texturales des produits cosmétiques et pharmaceutiques tels que des crèmes, lotions, gels et ainsi que le comportement rhéologique de la peau humaine.
Resultats et Conclusions
Les résultats incluent l'analyse de l'eau, la glycérine, et l'huile minérale ainsi que des solutions aqueuses d' agents épaississants tels que Acrylates/C10‐30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer (Ultrez ‐20 obtenue auprès de Noveon), et Carbomer. Des solutions d'agents tensioactifs communs et des formulations tensioactives complexes telles que des shampooings ont également été étudiées. Les résultats, sous la forme des graphiques de la force en fonction du temps ou de distance, résultant d'un mouvement lent bi ‐directionnel de la sonde (submersion et dé‐ submersion) dans le fluide analysé, ont été interprétés en tenant compte de la flottabilité, de l'inertie, et la force de traînée visqueuse donnés par l'équation de Stokes. Les données peuvent être mises en corrélation avec les évaluations tactiles des produits par des évaluateurs par des panelistes experts.
Typical plots of experimental data of immersion‐deimersion of cylindrical indenter in the product formulation and the definitions of calculated parameters.
While desired for the cure of allergy, regulatory immune cell subsets and nonclassical Th2‐biased inflammatory mediators in the tumour microenvironment can contribute to immune suppression and escape ...of tumours from immunological detection and clearance. A key aim in the cancer field is therefore to design interventions that can break immunological tolerance and halt cancer progression, whereas on the contrary allergen immunotherapy exactly aims to induce tolerance. In this position paper, we review insights on immune tolerance derived from allergy and from cancer inflammation, focusing on what is known about the roles of key immune cells and mediators. We propose that research in the field of AllergoOncology that aims to delineate these immunological mechanisms with juxtaposed clinical consequences in allergy and cancer may point to novel avenues for therapeutic interventions that stand to benefit both disciplines.
Owners and their domestic animals via skin shedding and secretions, mutually exchange microbiomes, potential pathogens and innate immune molecules. Among the latter especially lipocalins are ...multifaceted: they may have an immunomodulatory function and, furthermore, they represent one of the most important animal allergen families. The amino acid identities, as well as their structures by superposition modeling were compared among human lipocalins, hLCN1 and hLCN2, and most important animal lipocalin allergens, such as Can f 1, Can f 2 and Can f 4 from dog, Fel d 4 from cats, Bos d 5 from cow's milk, Equ c 1 from horses, and Mus m 1 from mice, all of them representing major allergens. The β‐barrel fold with a central molecular pocket is similar among human and animal lipocalins. Thereby, lipocalins are able to transport a variety of biological ligands in their highly conserved calyx‐like cavity, among them siderophores with the strongest known capability to complex iron (Fe3+). Levels of human lipocalins are elevated in nonallergic inflammation and cancer, associated with innate immunoregulatory functions that critically depend on ligand load. Accordingly, deficient loading of lipocalin allergens establishes their capacity to induce Th2 hypersensitivity. Our similarity analysis of human and mammalian lipocalins highlights their function in innate immunity and allergy.
Th2 immunity and allergic immune surveillance play critical roles in host responses to pathogens, parasites and allergens. Numerous studies have reported significant links between Th2 responses and ...cancer, including insights into the functions of IgE antibodies and associated effector cells in both antitumour immune surveillance and therapy. The interdisciplinary field of AllergoOncology was given Task Force status by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in 2014. Affiliated expert groups focus on the interface between allergic responses and cancer, applied to immune surveillance, immunomodulation and the functions of IgE‐mediated immune responses against cancer, to derive novel insights into more effective treatments. Coincident with rapid expansion in clinical application of cancer immunotherapies, here we review the current state‐of‐the‐art and future translational opportunities, as well as challenges in this relatively new field. Recent developments include improved understanding of Th2 antibodies, intratumoral innate allergy effector cells and mediators, IgE‐mediated tumour antigen cross‐presentation by dendritic cells, as well as immunotherapeutic strategies such as vaccines and recombinant antibodies, and finally, the management of allergy in daily clinical oncology. Shedding light on the crosstalk between allergic response and cancer is paving the way for new avenues of treatment.
Aims
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are key players in innate immunity. The innate immune system needs to be tightly controlled to ensure proper activation but also no overactivation. Galanin has been ...shown to regulate inflammatory reactions, and therefore, we aimed to elucidate the expression of galanin and its three receptors (GAL1‐GAL3) in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and to evaluate whether galanin exerts direct or indirect effects on human and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
Methods
Human peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils were isolated from fresh blood of healthy donors, and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils were isolated from bone marrow of C57BL/6N mice. Gene expression was evaluated by qRT‐PCR. As a marker for polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation, CD11b integrin surface expression was measured by FACS analysis. Furthermore, a label‐free technology measuring ligand‐induced dynamic mass redistribution was used to evaluate the response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to galanin.
Results
GAL2 receptor expression was found in both human and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils, galanin and GAL3 receptor were exclusively expressed in murine bone marrow polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and GAL1 receptor was not detectable in polymorphonuclear neutrophils of either species. Galanin treatment was not able to induce CD11b integrin surface expression or dynamic mass redistribution in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and murine bone marrow polymorphonuclear neutrophils. However, galanin treatment significantly enhanced the response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils of both species to interleukin‐8.
Conclusion
Galanin can be regarded as an immunomodulatory peptide as it can sensitize polymorphonuclear neutrophils towards pro‐inflammatory cytokines in humans and mice.
The accumulation of senescent cells drives inflammaging and increases morbidity of chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Immune responses are built upon dynamic changes in cell metabolism that supply ...energy and substrates for cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation. Metabolic changes imposed by environmental stress and inflammation on immune cells and tissue microenvironment are thus chiefly involved in the pathophysiology of allergic and other immune‐driven diseases. Altered cell metabolism is also a hallmark of cell senescence, a condition characterized by loss of proliferative activity in cells that remain metabolically active. Accelerated senescence can be triggered by acute or chronic stress and inflammatory responses. In contrast, replicative senescence occurs as part of the physiological aging process and has protective roles in cancer surveillance and wound healing. Importantly, cell senescence can also change or hamper response to diverse therapeutic treatments. Understanding the metabolic pathways of senescence in immune and structural cells is therefore critical to detect, prevent, or revert detrimental aspects of senescence‐related immunopathology, by developing specific diagnostics and targeted therapies. In this paper, we review the main changes and metabolic alterations occurring in senescent immune cells (macrophages, B cells, T cells). Subsequently, we present the metabolic footprints described in translational studies in patients with chronic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and review the ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials of therapeutic approaches aiming at targeting metabolic pathways to antagonize pathological senescence. Because this is a recently emerging field in allergy and clinical immunology, a better understanding of the metabolic profile of the complex landscape of cell senescence is needed. The progress achieved so far is already providing opportunities for new therapies, as well as for strategies aimed at disease prevention and supporting healthy aging.
Synopsis
There is growing scientific evidence that the health, well‐being and the attractiveness of the skin are strongly influenced by nutrition. Consumers recognize this and have supported the ...creation of a global cosmeceuticals market estimated in 2010 at $27.2 billion. Early in 2011, the US Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture issued the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Twelve vitamins and nine minerals were recognized as essential. The minerals include calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, potassium and sodium. Although the topical benefits of several minerals such as zinc, magnesium and iron are recognized and, in some cases, approved by the FDA, the topical benefits of the others to the skin are largely unexplored and unexploited. This review attempts to summarize what has been published in the literature on the interactions of the eight of the nine essential elements with the skin.
Résumé
Les preuves s'accumulent pour indiquer que la nutrition influence fortement la santé, le bien‐être et l'attractivité de la peau. Les consommateurs en sont conscients et ont permis d’établir un marché mondial de compléments alimentaires “nutracosmétiques” estimé en 2010 à 27,2 milliards de dollars. Début 2011, les Ministères de la Santé et de l'Agriculture des USA ont édité un guide diététique adressé à la population américaine. Ce guide reconnaît douze vitamines et neuf minéraux en tant qu’éléments essentiels. Les minéraux incluent le calcium, le cuivre, le fer, le magnésium, le phosphore, le sélénium, le zinc, le potassium et le sodium. Bien que les bienfaits cutanés des minéraux tels que le zinc, le magnésium et le fer sont reconnus et parfois approuvés par la FDA, les bénéfices au niveau de la peau des autres sont, à ce jour, largement sous‐explorés et sous‐exploités. La présente revue se propose de résumer ce qui a été publié dans la littérature sur les interactions entre les huit (sur neuf) éléments minéraux essentiels avec la peau.
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