Data sets with high statistics taken at the cosmic ray facility, equipped with 3 ATLAS BOS MDT chambers, in Garching (Munich) have been used to study temperature and pressure effects on gas gain and ...drifttime. The deformation of a thermally expanded chamber was reconstructed using the internal RasNik alignment monitoring system and the tracks from cosmic data. For these studies a heating system was designed to increase the temperature of the middle chamber by up to 20 Kelvins over room temperature. For comparison the temperature effects on gas properties have been simulated with Garfield. The maximum drifttime decreased under temperature raise by −2.21 ± 0.08 ns/K, in agreement with the results of pressure variations and the Garfield simulation. The increased temperatures led to a linear increase of the gas gain of about 2.1% 1/K. The chamber deformation has been analyzed with the help of reconstructed tracks. By the comparison of the tracks through the reference chambers with these through the test chamber the thermal expansion has been reconstructed and the result shows agreement with the theoretical expansion coefficient. As the wires are fixed at the end of the chamber, the wire position calculation can not provide a conclusion for the chamber middle. The complete deformation has been identified with the analysis of the monitoring system RasNik, whose measured values have shown a homogeneous expansion of the whole chamber, overlayed by a shift and a rotation of the chamber middle with respect to the outer part of the chamber. The established results of both methods are in agreement. We present as well a model for the position-drifttime correction as function of temperature.
The influence of fast neutrons on the occupancy and the single tube resolution of ATLAS muon drift detectors was investigated by exposing a chamber built out of 3 layers of 3 short standard drift ...tubes to neutron flux-densities of up to 16 kHz/cm 2 at a neutron energy of E=11 MeV. Pulse shape capable NE213 scintillaton detectors and a calibrated BF3 neutron detector provided monitoring of the neutron flux-density and energy. The sensitivity of the drift chamber to the neutrons was measured to be 4*10 −4 by comparing data sets with and without neutron background. For the investigation of tracks of cosmic muons two silicon-strip detectors above and underneath the chamber allow to compare measured drift-radii with reference tracks. Alternatively, the single tube resolution was determined using the triple-sum method. The comparison between data with and without neutron irradiation shows only a marginal effect on the resolution and little influence on the muon track reconstruction.
Predictions of analytical models for hadronisation, namely the dispersive model, the shape function and the single dressed gluon approximation, are compared with moments of hadronic event shape ...distributions measured in e super(+)e super(-) annihilation at centre-of-mass energies between 14 and 209 GeV. In contrast to Monte Carlo models for hadronisation, analytical models require to adjust only two universal parameters, the strong coupling and a second quantity parametrising non-perturbative corrections. The extracted values of a sub(S) are consistent with the world average and competitive with previous measurements. The variance of event shape distributions is compared with predictions given by some of these models. Limitations of the models, probably due to unknown higher order corrections, are demonstrated and discussed.
Review of Particle Physics
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
03/1998, Letnik:
3, Številka:
1-4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1600 new measurements from 550 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge ...bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http: //pdg. lbl. gov.
REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Particle Data Group Arguin, J. -F; Barnett, R. M.; Copic, K. ...
Physical review. D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology,
2012, Letnik:
86, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2658 new measurements from 644 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge ...bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on Heavy-Quark and Soft-Collinear Effective Theory, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Event Generators, Lattice QCD, Heavy Quarkonium Spectroscopy, Top Quark, Dark Matter, V-cb & V-ub, Quantum Chromodynamics, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Astrophysical Constants, Cosmological Parameters, and Dark Matter. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http://pdg.lbl.gov.
This paper describes topological searches for neutral scalar bosons S0 produced in association with a Z0 boson via the Bjorken process \(e^+e^- \to{\rm S}^0{}{\rm Z}^0\) at centre-of-mass energies of ...91 GeV and 183-209 GeV. These searches are based on studies of the recoil mass spectrum of \({\rm Z}^0 \to e^+e^-\) and \(\mu^+ \mu^-\) events and on a search for \({\rm S}^0{\rm Z}^0\) with \({\rm Z}^0 \to \nu\bar{\nu}\) and S\(^0 \to e^+ e^-\) or photons. They cover the decays of the S0 into an arbitrary combination of hadrons, leptons, photons and invisible particles as well as the possibility that it might be stable. No indication for a signal is found in the data and upper limits on the cross section of the Bjorken process are calculated. Cross-section limits are given in terms of a scale factor k with respect to the Standart Model cross section for the Higgs-strahlung process \(e^+ e^-\to{\rm H}_{\rm SM}{\rm Z}^0\). These results can be interpreted in general scenarios independently of the decay modes of the S0. The examples considered here are the production of a single new scalar particle with a decay width smaller than the detector mass resolution, and for the first time, two scenarios with continuous mass distributions, due to a single very broad state or several states close in mass.
A study of \(\mathrm{b}\) quark hadronisation is presented using inclusively reconstructed B hadrons in about four million hadronic Z decays recorded in 1992-2000 with the OPAL detector at LEP. The ...data are compared to different theoretical models, and fragmentation function parameters of these models are fitted. The average scaled energy of weakly decaying B hadrons is determined to be \\langle{x}_{ \mathrm{E}}\rangle = 0.7193 \pm 0.0016 (stat)^{+0.0038}_{-0.0033}(syst) \ . \
Hadronic event shape distributions from e super(+)e super(-) annihilation measured by the OPAL experiment at centre-of-mass energies between 91 GeV and 209 GeV are used to determine the strong ...coupling alpha sub(S). The results are based on QCD predictions complete to the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO), and on NNLO calculations matched to the resummed next-to-leading-log-approximation terms (NNLO+NLLA). The combined NNLO result from all variables and centre-of-mass energies is while the combined NNLO+NLLA result is The completeness of the NNLO and NNLO+NLLA results with respect to missing higher order contributions, studied by varying the renormalization scale, is improved compared to previous results based on NLO or NLO+NLLA predictions only. The observed energy dependence of alpha sub(S) agrees with the QCD prediction of asymptotic freedom and excludes the absence of running.
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