Autophagy is a "self-degradative" process and is involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the control of cellular components by facilitating the clearance or turnover of long-lived or ...misfolded proteins, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles. Autophagy plays a dual role in cancer, including in tumor progression and tumor promotion, suggesting that autophagy acts as a double-edged sword in cancer cells. Liver cancer is one of the greatest leading causes of cancer death worldwide due to its high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Especially in China, liver cancer has become one of the most common cancers due to the high infection rate of hepatitis virus. In primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type. Considering the perniciousness and complexity of HCC, it is essential to elucidate the function of autophagy in HCC. In this review, we summarize the physiological function of autophagy in cancer, analyze the role of autophagy in tumorigenesis and metastasis, discuss the therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy and the mechanisms of drug-resistance in HCC, and provide potential methods to circumvent resistance and combined anticancer strategies for HCC patients.
The increasing generation of toxic heavy metals from smelting activities poses significant threat to food safety, human health, and soil ecosystem, due to their unacceptable exposure risks and long ...term persistence. As a consequence, heavy metals in soils surrounding smelting areas are often known as causative contaminants for site remediation. According to an extensive review of the scientific literature (2010–2020), this study investigated the current pollution situation of heavy metals in soils near Chinese nonferrous metal smelters. Then, their main source approaches and health risk implications for soil remediation were discussed in detail. It should be noted that, inaccurate risk information would result in high remediation costs and unintended interventions. In addition, recent remediation progress for smelter contaminated sites were mainly introduced. By contrast, limited novel remediation approaches are currently available for stakeholders. Important considerations regarding site remediation technologies were further pointed out to highlight research gaps. Thus, more innovative studies need to be conducted for remediation enhancement of smelter sites. Lastly, this review concluded with an outlook of future research directions, which was expected be great helpful for the broad spectrum of researchers in this field.
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•Heavy metal pollution in Chinese smelter contaminated soils were investigated.•Chemical metal fractions should be incorporated in an assessment of polluted sites.•Various technologies were compared in terms of their advantages and disadvantage.•Remediation progress for smelter sites were critically reviewed in recent decades.•Knowledge gaps were discussed and critical research perspectives were suggested.
Nowadays, the three-level T-type inverters (3LT2Is) are widely employed in applications with high-performance requirements. The 3LT2Is commonly suffer from neutral point voltage (NPV) unbalance and ...common-mode voltage (CMV) variation. The medium vector pulse width modulation (MVPWM), which generates the reference voltage using medium and V0OOO zero voltage vectors, eliminates the CMV variation in 3LT2Is. However, it cannot keep the NPV balance, negatively affecting power quality. This article proposes a hybrid method to simultaneously eliminate CMV variation and guarantee the NPV balance without topological change or extra hardware. The proposed method uses MVPWM when NPV is balanced, eliminating CMV variation. If NPV goes unbalanced, it utilizes novel high/low triangle PWM (H/LPWM) and MVPWM in a hybrid manner to balance the NPV. The H/LPWM, similar to MVPWM, synthesizes voltage using medium and V0OOO voltage vectors to maintain the CMV elimination advantage during the NPV balancing process. However, the difference between H/LPWMs and MVPWM switching patterns adjusts the average neutral point current to balance the NPV. Noteworthy that the proposed method provides NPV balancing ability for the entire power factor range. As a result, it is usable for various applications of 3LT2I, such as photovoltaic inverters and motor drives. The proposed method is carrier-based, which reduces the execution time and simplifies the practical implementation. The simulation study and experimental evaluation have been accomplished, and their results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The quest for an aortic stenosis cure Bing, Rong; Dweck, Marc Richard
Heart (British Cardiac Society),
12/2020, Letnik:
106, Številka:
23
Journal Article
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