We have measured the multiplicities of pions produced in the collisions of π mesons with neon nuclei at bombarding momenta of 10.5 and 200 GeV/c. The diffractive production of pions is clearly ...separable. If one excludes the diffractive part, the pion multiplicity obeys the same Koba-Nielsen-Olesen scaling as found previously for π--p collisions. This fact would seem to indicate the validity of an energy-flux or collective-variable description of the production process. A surprisingly large number of energetic protons (> 1 GeV/c lab momentum) are found to be produced in π-Ne collisions.
Increasing availability of foods offered by grocery stores in hot/cold self-serve bars has created new food safety training challenges. The objectives of this study were to determine if providing ...managers with food safety training improved their employees' knowledge of food safety practices and to determine if the food safety training provided addressed all the food safety needs associated with operating and maintaining hot/cold self-serve food bars. Three retail chains, 15 stores per chain, were observed by the investigators pre- and post-food safety training at set-up, lunch, and closing of the hot/cold bar to collect information on food safety practices. After pre-training observations, managers from eight stores per chain attended an eight-hour food safety training course (training group), while managers from the remaining seven stores received no additional training (control group). Managers from the training group were encouraged to train their employees with the knowledge they had gained. Following the training, post-training data were collected for all stores. The data showed that prior to training there was a strong correlation (r = 0.68) between manager knowledge and employee knowledge, but post-training the correlation was only moderate (r = 0.356). This suggested that after the training session, knowledge wasn't transferred from the managers to the employees. The information gained from the post-training performance and knowledge scores was used to determine the food safety training needs. These scores indicated that training materials covering practices related to food temperature, utensil usage, product handling, proper cleaning/sanitizing, and general food safety principles should be developed. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity to change of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS). The LEFS was administered to 107 patients with ...lower-extremity musculoskeletal dysfunction referred to 12 outpatient physical therapy clinics. The LEFS was administered during the initial assessment, 24 to 48 hours following the initial assessment, and then at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. The SF-36 (acute version) was administered during the initial assessment and at weekly intervals. A type 2,1 intraclass correlation coefficient was used to estimate test-retest reliability. Pearson correlations and one-way analyses of variance were used to examine construct validity. Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between an independent prognostic rating of change for each patient and change in the LEFS and SF-36 scores. Test-retest reliability of the LEFS scores was excellent (R = .94 95% lower limit confidence interval (CI) = .89). Correlations between the LEFS and the SF-36 physical function subscale and physical component score were r=.80 (95% lower limit CI = .73) and r = .64 (95% lower limit CI = .54), respectively. There was a higher correlation between the prognostic rating of change and the LEFS than between the prognostic rating of change and the SF-36 physical function score. The potential error associated with a score on the LEFS at a given point in time is +/-5.3 scale points (90% CI), the minimal detectable change is 9 scale points (90% CI), and the minimal clinically important difference is 9 scale points (90% CI). The LEFS is reliable, and construct validity was supported by comparison with the SF-36. The sensitivity to change of the LEFS was superior to that of the SF-36 in this population. The LEFS is efficient to administer and score and is applicable for research purposes and clinical decision making for individual patients.
The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity to change of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS).
The LEFS was administered to 107 patients with ...lower-extremity musculoskeletal dysfunction referred to 12 outpatient physical therapy clinics.
The LEFS was administered during the initial assessment, 24 to 48 hours following the initial assessment, and then at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. The SF-36 (acute version) was administered during the initial assessment and at weekly intervals. A type 2,1 intraclass correlation coefficient was used to estimate test-retest reliability. Pearson correlations and one-way analyses of variance were used to examine construct validity. Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between an independent prognostic rating of change for each patient and change in the LEFS and SF-36 scores.
Test-retest reliability of the LEFS scores was excellent (R = .94 95% lower limit confidence interval (CI) = .89). Correlations between the LEFS and the SF-36 physical function subscale and physical component score were r=.80 (95% lower limit CI = .73) and r = .64 (95% lower limit CI = .54), respectively. There was a higher correlation between the prognostic rating of change and the LEFS than between the prognostic rating of change and the SF-36 physical function score. The potential error associated with a score on the LEFS at a given point in time is +/-5.3 scale points (90% CI), the minimal detectable change is 9 scale points (90% CI), and the minimal clinically important difference is 9 scale points (90% CI).
The LEFS is reliable, and construct validity was supported by comparison with the SF-36. The sensitivity to change of the LEFS was superior to that of the SF-36 in this population. The LEFS is efficient to administer and score and is applicable for research purposes and clinical decision making for individual patients.
PDF
