Neither German nor Pole examines how the inhabitants of one of Europe's most densely populated industrial districts managed to defy clear-cut national categorization, even in the heyday of ...nationalizing pressures at the turn of the twentieth century. As James E. Bjork argues, the "civic national" project of turning inhabitants of Upper Silesia into Germans and the "ethnic national" project of awakening them as Poles both enjoyed successes, but these often canceled one another out, exacerbating rather than eliminating doubts about people's national allegiances. In this deadlock, it was a different kind of identification—religion—that provided both the ideological framework and the social space for Upper Silesia to navigate between German and Polish orientations. A fine-grained, microhistorical study of how confessional politics and the daily rhythms of bilingual Roman Catholic religious practice subverted national identification, Neither German nor Pole moves beyond local history to address broad questions about the relationship between nationalism, religion, and modernity.
Adolescent risk-taking, including behaviors resulting in injury or death, has been attributed in part to maturational differences in mesolimbic incentive-motivational neurocircuitry, including ...ostensible oversensitivity of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) to rewards.
To test whether adolescents showed increased NAcc activation by cues for rewards, or by delivery of rewards, we scanned 24 adolescents (age 12-17) and 24 adults age (22-42) with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. The MID task was configured to temporally disentangle potential reward or potential loss anticipation-related brain signal from reward or loss notification-related signal. Subjects saw cues signaling opportunities to win or avoid losing $0, $.50, or $5 for responding quickly to a subsequent target. Subjects then viewed feedback of their trial success after a variable interval from cue presentation of between 6 to 17 s. Adolescents showed reduced NAcc recruitment by reward-predictive cues compared to adult controls in a linear contrast with non-incentive cues, and in a volume-of-interest analysis of signal change in the NAcc. In contrast, adolescents showed little difference in striatal and frontocortical responsiveness to reward deliveries compared to adults.
In light of divergent developmental difference findings between neuroimaging incentive paradigms (as well as at different stages within the same task), these data suggest that maturational differences in incentive-motivational neurocircuitry: 1) may be sensitive to nuances of incentive tasks or stimuli, such as behavioral or learning contingencies, and 2) may be specific to the component of the instrumental behavior (such as anticipation versus notification).
ABSTRACT
In this article, I examine how US evangelical opposition to LGBT rights stems from a unique understanding of sexuality and the person. As my respondents explained to me in over sixteen ...months of field research, evangelical rejection of LGBT individuals and practices is rooted not simply in prejudice but also in a culturally specific notion of personhood that requires Christian bodies to orient themselves to the divine. In evangelical Christianity, the body, along with its capacity to feel and communicate, is understood as a porous vessel receptive to communication with God. In contrast to a dominant idea that sexual orientations shape individual identities, sexuality within this religious world instead facilitates the movement of moral forces across individual bodies and geographic scales. Sexual desires and sexual acts are broadly understood in evangelical cosmology as communicative mediums for supernatural forces. This understanding of sexuality as a central component of moral agency shapes widespread practices of ostracism of people who identify as LGBT within evangelicalism and often leads to anti‐LGBT political positions. Claiming an LGBT identity is seen as making one a distinct kind of person incommensurate with evangelical porosity. evangelical, sexuality, embodiment, United States
RESUMEN
En este artículo, examino cómo la oposición evangélica en Estados Unidos a los derechos de la comunidad LGBT proviene de un entendimiento único de la sexualidad y la persona. Como mis respondedores me explicaron en más de dieciséis meses de investigación de campo, el rechazo evangélico a individuos y prácticas LGTB está enraizado no simplemente en prejuicios sino también en una noción culturalmente específica de la condición de persona que requiere que los cuerpos cristianos se orienten en sí mismos hacia lo divino. En la cristiandad evangélica, el cuerpo, junto con su capacidad de sentir y comunicarse, se entiende como un recipiente poroso receptivo de comunicación con Dios. En contraste a una idea dominante que las orientaciones sexuales dan forma a las identidades individuales, la sexualidad dentro del mundo religioso, en cambio facilita el movimiento de fuerzas morales a través de cuerpos individuales y escalas geográficas. Los deseos sexuales y los actos sexuales son ampliamente entendidos en la cosmología evangélica como medios comunicativos para las fuerzas sobrenaturales. Este entendimiento de la sexualidad como un componente central de la agencia moral le da forma a las prácticas extendidas de ostracismo de las personas quienes se identifican como LGBT dentro del evangelicalismo y a menudo lleva a posiciones políticas anti‐LGBT. Reivindicar una identidad LGBT se ve como el hacer un tipo distinto de persona inconmensurable con la porosidad evangélica. evangélica, sexualidad, corporeización, Estados Unidos
ABSTRACT
Moments of intense physical confrontation between protesters and security forces have become iconic parts of political protest. These asymmetrical tactical encounters have been pivotal to ...successful Latin American revolts against neoliberalism and regime‐displacing protest movements. Based on ethnographic engagement and oral history interviews with Bolivian activists in Cochabamba and La Paz, this article characterizes an overlooked tactical stance: unarmed militancy, which I define as the use of forceful, combative tactics that are nonetheless qualitatively less damaging than those of their (usually state) adversaries. Unarmed militants complicate the binary of violence and nonviolence often used to strategize and analyze protest. Unarmed militants claim some of the moral purity of nonviolence and of those victimized by state repression. Yet, they also physically fight back to hold physical space and interrupt daily life. Neither provocateurs nor extremists, unarmed militants collaborate in achieving the tactical and strategic goals of mass mobilizations. This article examines the material processes of on‐the‐street collaboration, the subjectivity of demonstrators, the narratives surrounding protest, and the moral understandings of just and unjust uses of force as elements that can make unarmed militancy effective. political legitimacy, tactics, protest, repression, revolution
RESUMEN
Momentos de confrontación física intensa entre manifestantes y fuerzas de seguridad han llegado a ser partes icónicas de la protesta política. Estos encuentros tácticos asimétricos han sido cruciales para las revueltas latinoamericanas exitosas en contra del neoliberalismo y los movimientos de protesta para desplazar regímenes. Basado en envolvimiento etnográfico y entrevistas de historia oral con activistas bolivianos en Cochabamba y La Paz, este artículo caracteriza una posición táctica ignorada: militancia no armada, la cual defino como el uso de tácticas enérgicas y combativas que son sin embargo cualitativamente menos dañinas que aquellas de sus adversarios (usualmente estatales). Militantes desarmados complican el binario de violencia y no violencia a menudo usado para planear estrategias y analizar la protesta. Militantes desarmados reclaman parte de la pureza moral de la no violencia y la de aquellos victimizados por el estado represivo. Sin embargo, ellos también contraatacan físicamente para mantener el espacio físico e interrumpir la vida diaria. Ni provocadores ni extremistas, militantes desarmados colaboran en lograr las metas tácticas y estratégicas de las movilizaciones masivas. Este artículo examina los procesos materiales de colaboración en la calle, la subjetividad de los manifestantes, las narrativas que rodean la protesta, y los entendimientos morales de los usos justos e injustos de la fuerza como elementos que pueden hacer efectiva la militancia desarmada. legitimidad política, tácticas, protesta, represión, revolución
In this paper, I explore how the US‐based Religious Right and white nationalist movements are both organized around a similar politics of gender rooted in defending the patriarchal family. While the ...broader meanings of the family differ in each framework—either providing the foundation for the racial nation or the religious order—there is surprising agreement across these movements around understanding the family as a heterosexual and patriarchal institution that is under attack. Based on long‐term ethnographic research in both movements, I show how defending the heteropatriarchal family provides valorized gendered identities for their participants along with a moral justification for prejudice, particularly through a discourse of defending women and children from feminism and queerness. This analysis shows how contemporary right‐wing and authoritarian movements rally around this family—modern, classed and raced, and patriarchal—as an anchor of stability in a time of increasing economic and social change.
The primary goal of the Human Connectome Project (HCP) is to delineate the typical patterns of structural and functional connectivity in the healthy adult human brain. However, we know that there are ...important individual differences in such patterns of connectivity, with evidence that this variability is associated with alterations in important cognitive and behavioral variables that affect real world function. The HCP data will be a critical stepping-off point for future studies that will examine how variation in human structural and functional connectivity play a role in adult and pediatric neurological and psychiatric disorders that account for a huge amount of public health resources. Thus, the HCP is collecting behavioral measures of a range of motor, sensory, cognitive and emotional processes that will delineate a core set of functions relevant to understanding the relationship between brain connectivity and human behavior. In addition, the HCP is using task-fMRI (tfMRI) to help delineate the relationships between individual differences in the neurobiological substrates of mental processing and both functional and structural connectivity, as well as to help characterize and validate the connectivity analyses to be conducted on the structural and functional connectivity data. This paper describes the logic and rationale behind the development of the behavioral, individual difference, and tfMRI batteries and provides preliminary data on the patterns of activation associated with each of the fMRI tasks, at both group and individual levels.
•Describes logic for the behavioral battery for the Human Connectome Project (HCP)•Describes logic and development of the task fMRI (tfMRI) battery for the HCP•Provides data on brain activation associated with each tfMRI paradigm in the HCP
•Rates of development differ across brain regions linked to reward and inhibition.•Adolescent risk-taking has been attributed in part to normative neurodevelopment.•Significant risky behavior in ...mid-adolescence is not characteristic of typical youth.•Youth with behavior disorders show increased behavioral and brain responses to reward.•Maturational theories of adolescent risk-taking can consider individual differences.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has illuminated the development of human brain function. Some of this work in typically-developing youth has ostensibly captured neural underpinnings of adolescent behavior which is characterized by risk-seeking propensity, according to psychometric questionnaires and a wealth of anecdote. Notably, cross-sectional comparisons have revealed age-dependent differences between adolescents and other age groups in regional brain responsiveness to prospective or experienced rewards (usually greater in adolescents) or penalties (usually diminished in adolescents). These differences have been interpreted as reflecting an imbalance between motivational drive and behavioral control mechanisms, especially in mid-adolescence, thus promoting greater risk-taking. While intriguing, we caution here that researchers should be more circumspect in attributing clinically significant adolescent risky behavior to age-group differences in task-elicited fMRI responses from neurotypical subjects. This is because actual mortality and morbidity from behavioral causes (e.g. substance abuse, violence) by mid-adolescence is heavily concentrated in individuals who are not neurotypical, who rather have shown a lifelong history of behavioral disinhibition that frequently meets criteria for a disruptive behavior disorder, such as conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These young people are at extreme risk of poor psychosocial outcomes, and should be a focus of future neurodevelopmental research.
Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, cultural anthropologist Carwil Bjork‐James recounts the recent history of Bolivia and its struggles and ambitions ...to recognise grassroots ways of occupying its urban fabric. Focusing on the dyad of El Alto/La Paz, he illustrates both mistakes and progress, and shines a light on the ability and tenacity of the country's indigenous and working‐class inhabitants to take matters into their own hands through protest and urban interventions.
Over the last quarter century, researchers have peered into the living human brain to develop and refine mechanistic accounts of alcohol-induced behavior, as well as neurobiological mechanisms for ...development and maintenance of addiction. These in vivo neuroimaging studies generally show that acute alcohol administration affects brain structures implicated in motivation and behavior control, and that chronic intoxication is correlated with structural and functional abnormalities in these same structures, where some elements of these decrements normalize with extended sobriety. In this review, we will summarize recent findings about acute human brain responses to alcohol using neuroimaging techniques, and how they might explain behavioral effects of alcohol intoxication. We then briefly address how chronic alcohol intoxication (as inferred from cross-sectional differences between various drinking populations and controls) may yield individual brain differences between drinking subjects that may confound interpretation of acute alcohol administration effects.
This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled ‘Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology’.
•Acute alcohol affects regional brain metabolism and functional connectivity.•Alcohol pre-treatment alters responses of brain regions evoked by cognitive tasks.•Alcohol effects occur in brain regions that govern motivation and behavior control.•fMRI responses to alcohol may be neural signatures of alcohol effects on behavior.
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