Both Canada and the United States enrol a significant number of international students. However, in March 2020, both countries closed their borders and increased restrictions to international travel ...due to COVID‐19, which had a direct impact on international students' ability to travel between their home countries and study destinations. This article examines the impact of COVID‐19 on international student enrolments by asking two related questions: first, how did government policy address international students' difficult reality in the wake of COVID‐19? And, did international student enrolments change as a result? With regard to policy, we find a stark divergence: Canada's federal policies quickly adapted to support international students and ensure they remained eligible for post‐graduate work permits, preserving the appeal of Canada as a study destination. Meanwhile, in the US, federal policies for student visas required international students to maintain physical presence, reflecting a more hostile stance towards immigration, characteristic of the Trump administration. Despite these differences, with regard to enrolments, we find largely similar patterns, with COVID resulting in only a small decline in international student enrolments nationwide. A more worrying trend for both countries is that selective institutions seem to have been less impacted than access‐oriented institutions.
加拿大与美国为两大留学国家。新冠疫情爆发后，两国于2020年3月封锁边境，并且限制了国际旅行。此政策直接影响了两国的国际学生返回本国或者返回留学目的地的计划。在此背景下，本文通过两个研究问题探讨新冠疫情对加拿大和美国国际学生招生的影响。第一，两国的政府政策如何处理新冠疫情以来国际学生所面临的困境？第二，两国国际学生招生数量是否受到影响？政策分析显示，加拿大与美国两国政策差异明显。加拿大联邦政府迅速调整原有政策，支持国际学生，并确保国际学生仍有资格申请工作签证，从而保持加拿大对国际学生的吸引力。美国联邦政府的国际学生签证政策则要求国际学生留在美国本地。此政策与特朗普时期对移民的敌视态度如出一辙。虽然两国政策存在反差，本文发现，两国的国际学生数量变化大致相似。新冠疫情在两国仅造成国际学生数量小规模下降。然而，相对引人担忧的趋势则是，相比于招生规模大的普通大学，精英型大学受新冠疫情的影响似乎较小。
Global citizenship education is full of contradictions and tensions. Neither the global nor citizenship are neutral concepts, and both come with long histories of violence, oppression and exclusion. ...While global citizenship education has often been discussed from a policy- or institution-level perspective, it is necessary to examine closely the practices that bring this concept to life at the course and individual instructor level, as well as beyond the classroom. In this article, I provide a first-person, first-hand analysis of the shortcomings of implementing global citizenship education in universities through the practice of internationalisation at home (IaH). I analyse a campus environment where US and international students lived and learned together, until they were separated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought a new perspective to the (im)possibilities of global citizenship within higher education. In doing so, I search for a pedagogy of dwelling or inhabiting as a possible way of enacting Global Citizenship Education.
In Public Goods Games (PGG), the temptation to free-ride on others' contributions poses a significant threat to the sustainability of cooperative societies. Therefore, societies strive to mitigate ...this through incentive systems, employing rewards and punishments to foster cooperative behavior. Thus, peer punishment, in which cooperators sanction defectors, as well as pool punishment, where a centralized punishment institution executes the punishment, is deeply analyzed in previous works. Although the literature indicates that these methods may enhance cooperation on social dilemmas under particular contexts, there are still open questions, for instance, the structural connection between graduated punishment and the monitoring of public goods games. Our investigation proposes a compulsory PGG framework under Panoptical surveillance. Inspired by Foucault's theories on disciplinary mechanisms and biopower, we present a novel mathematical model that scrutinizes the balance between the severity and scope of punishment to catalyze cooperative behavior. By integrating perspectives from evolutionary game theory and Foucault's theories of power and discipline, this research uncovers the theoretical foundations of mathematical frameworks involved in punishment and discipline structures. We show that well-calibrated punishment and discipline schemes, leveraging the panoptical effect for universal oversight, can effectively mitigate the free-rider dilemma, fostering enhanced cooperation. This interdisciplinary approach not only elucidates the dynamics of cooperation in societal constructs but also underscores the importance of integrating diverse methodologies to address the complexities of fostering cooperative evolution.
Institutional accreditation in higher education holds universities accountable through external evaluation; at the same time, accreditation constitutes an opportunity for higher education leaders to ...demonstrate the quality of their institutions. In an increasingly global field of higher education, in which quality practices become diffused across national boundaries, U.S. institutional accreditation has been adopted in many countries as a form of external quality assurance. This study follows an ethnographic case study approach to explore in-depth how a Mexican institution of higher education, located only a few miles away from the U.S.-Mexico border, engaged in the process of institutional accreditation with a U.S. regional accrediting agency. Four themes constitute the finding of this study: (a) Reputational value is the central motivation to pursue U.S. accreditation given that, through accreditation, the institution in Mexico became connected to internationally recognized universities; (b) despite several benefits, the accreditation process established a complex division of labor in which members of the academic staff are necessary yet distanced from decision making; (c) compliance with highly challenging-yet construed as fair-standards legitimizes both the accreditation process and the U.S. accreditor; and (d) language and translation are valuable concepts to understand the accreditation process. Together, these findings suggest that U.S. accreditation may be approached as an exercise of global position taking.(HRK / Abstract übernommen).
This article reports on findings from a sociolinguistic qualitative study exploring inter-discursive relations manifested in the approaches and strategies that regional accrediting agencies in the ...United States utilise when recognising foreign universities. Even as most countries have developed national quality assurance systems and whilst international rankings comparing institutions globally are available, a growing number of universities around the world seek recognition from American regional agencies. By comparing policy statements, manuals, guidelines and other documents, and after interviewing top-level officers at US accrediting agencies, this study makes explicit the assumptions and central discourses associated with US accreditation of non-US institutions of higher education, from the accreditors' perspective. Following constant comparison and cultural critical discourse analysis, the study reveals concerns about the equivalency of quality, emphasis on capacity building and reluctance toward adapting US standards. An interest in building international partnerships, in order to respond to globalisation, is also identified.
Stratification and status competition are prevalent dynamics. This study explores the construction of legitimacy among some of the most prestigious higher education institutions in North America by ...analyzing the use of quality emblems (e.g., symbols associated with accreditation or rankings) on institutional websites among members of the Association of American Universities (AAU). We apply Lyotard's concept of performativity to guide a visual content analysis process. The visibility of emblematic quality varies primarily according to length of AAU membership. The study contributes to understanding legitimation in the competitive higher education field and the role that websites play in this process.
In this intervention we desire to document and celebrate our own international research collaboration as an intimate long-distance relationship that sustains us amid a global pandemic of the ...coronavirus that causes COVID-19. We share “love letter” poems that we wrote to each other, in response to a poem by Yayoi Kusama titled “Residing in a Castle of Shed Tears,” incorporated into her mirror room installation “Love is Calling.” In our discussion we reflect upon the emotional connections that sustain academic researchers, particularly those relationships that extend beyond national boundaries and conventional heteronormative expectations.
•International research collaboration occurs in a variety of contexts, virtual and geographical•International research collaboration thrives amid Covid-19 pandemic, through mediated contact•Yayoi Kusama's “Love is Calling” art installation provided an impetus for a more affectionate appreciation of international research collaboration
The protective capacity and duration of humoral immunity after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are not yet understood in solid organ transplant recipients. A prospective multicenter study was performed to ...evaluate the persistence of anti‐nucleocapsid IgG antibodies in liver transplant recipients 6 months after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) resolution. A total of 71 liver transplant recipients were matched with 71 immunocompetent controls by a propensity score including variables with a well‐known prognostic impact in COVID‐19. Paired case–control serological data were also available in 62 liver transplant patients and 62 controls at month 3 after COVID‐19. Liver transplant recipients showed a lower incidence of anti‐nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at 3 months (77.4% vs. 100%, p < .001) and at 6 months (63.4% vs. 90.1%, p < .001). Lower levels of antibodies were also observed in liver transplant patients at 3 (p = .001) and 6 months (p < .001) after COVID‐19. In transplant patients, female gender (OR = 13.49, 95% CI: 2.17–83.8), a longer interval since transplantation (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03–1.36), and therapy with renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (OR = 7.11, 95% CI: 1.47–34.50) were independently associated with persistence of antibodies beyond 6 months after COVID‐19. Therefore, as compared with immunocompetent patients, liver transplant recipients show a lower prevalence of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies and more pronounced antibody levels decline.
After COVID‐19, liver transplant recipients, compared to immunocompetent patients, exhibit greater decline in antibody levels and lower prevalence of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies at 6 months which is independently associated with female sex, interval since liver transplantation, and treatment with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) may occur in patients with a rheumatic autoimmune disease (AD), increasing their risk of morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about the prevalence of AD ...in patients diagnosed with an ILD. In this prospective study, we determined the spectrum of ILD associated with AD (AD-ILD) among patients sent for assessment to a single clinic of ILD and lung transplantation from a referral center between May 2016 and December 2019. ILD diagnosis was made by pneumologists based on clinical and radiological findings and pulmonary function test abnormalities. All patients with ILD were also assessed by experienced rheumatologists. During the period of assessment, 338 patients were diagnosed with ILD. Among them, 32.8% fulfilled definitions for an AD. Most cases with AD-ILD had a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (27.0%), systemic sclerosis (26.1%) or anti-synthetase syndrome (17.1%). Interestingly, 18% of the patients with AD-ILD were diagnosed as having an interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features. Antinuclear antibodies and non-specific interstitial pneumonia were the most frequent positive autoantibodies and radiological pattern found in AD-ILD patients, respectively. In conclusion, our study indicates that a high number of ILD patients have a related AD. Consequently, close collaboration among rheumatologists and pneumologists is needed.
PDF
