This paper describes the existence of theta‐coupled neuronal activity in the nucleus incertus (NI). Theta rhythm is relevant for cognitive processes such as spatial navigation and memory processing, ...and can be recorded in a number of structures related to the hippocampal activation including the NI. Strong evidence supports the role of this tegmental nucleus in neural circuits integrating behavioural activation with the hippocampal theta rhythm. Theta oscillations have been recorded in the local field potential of the NI, highly coupled to the hippocampal waves, although no rhythmical activity has been reported in neurons of this nucleus. The present work analyses the neuronal activity in the NI in conditions leading to sustained hippocampal theta in the urethane‐anaesthetised rat, in order to test whether such activation elicits a differential firing pattern. Wavelet analysis has been used to better define the neuronal activity already described in the nucleus, i.e., non‐rhythmical neurons firing at theta frequency (type I neurons) and fast‐firing rhythmical neurons (type II). However, the most remarkable finding was that sustained stimulation activated regular‐theta neurons (type III), which were almost silent in baseline conditions and have not previously been reported. Thus, we describe the electrophysiological properties of type III neurons, focusing on their coupling to the hippocampal theta. Their spike rate, regularity and phase locking to the oscillations increased at the beginning of the stimulation, suggesting a role in the activation or reset of the oscillation. Further research is needed to address the specific contribution of these neurons to the entire circuit.
A new neuronal population of the nucleus incertus is described as a possible origin of a theta oscillator synchronized to the hippocampus. Silent neurons in the nucleus incertus acquire regular theta firing under sustained hippocampal activation. These neurons present maximal phase coupling to the hippocampal theta rhythm at the beggining of the oscillations.
Subsistence strategies are a set of actions and measures chosen by hominins in a specific place and at a specific time to obtain the means necessary to survive and reproduce as individuals and as a ...group. Choosing successful actions and measures increases the group's means of survival, which in turn gives rise to an increase in population, thereby ensuring the continuity of the group. Some authors believe that Early Pleistocene hominin settlements were marginal and discontinuous due to their lack of social networks and cultural acquirements. However, the faunal remains recovered in the caves of Gran Dolina (levels 3–4 and 6) and Sima del Elefante (levels 9–14) in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain) show that the subsistence strategies of Early Pleistocene hominins in Europe were successful enough to allow hominin groups to survive and reproduce in sufficient numbers. Therefore, these first humans would have the ability to maintain a continuous occupation of Europe.
In recent decades, many research questions focus on occupational patterns in the Middle Palaeolithic. Many discussions on that topic address the temporal resolution of formation of assemblages and ...the character of palimpsests that can be frequently observed at archaeological sites. The Abric Romaní site (Barcelona, Spain) is a good example to analyze questions related to temporal resolution of the human occupations. This site is filled by a succession of travertine platforms of rapid formation, which clearly separate different archaeological levels. With the objective of characterizing the settlement patterns developed at this site, a combination of zooarchaeological and spatial data from Level J (sublevels Ja and Jb) is presented here. On one hand, primary and immediate anthropogenic accesses to the carcasses (mainly horses and red deer) and well-established patterns of animal processing are observed. On the other hand, these activities are always developed around hearths of inhabitable areas. From a nutritional perspective, faunal refits suggest synchronic relationships between the different activity areas and, therefore, the anthropic occupation of the total surface of the rock-shelter during the formation of Level J. However, this certain synchrony is combined with the presence of other elements, such as overlapped hearths, which show a succession of several occupations with the same settlement patterns. In this way, Level J of Abric Romaní could be understood as the succession of several occupations formed by groups that maintained the same traditions through time. From this perspective, the aim of this paper is to improve data to understand the settlement patterns and the social organization systems of the Neanderthal groups during MIS 3.
Increasing numbers of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing failure of first-line antiretroviral therapy and transitioning onto second-line regimens. However, there is ...a dearth of research on their treatment experiences. We conducted in-depth interviews with 43 PLHIV on second- or third-line antiretroviral therapy and 15 HIV health workers in Kenya, Malawi and Mozambique to explore patients' and health workers' perspectives on these transitions. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and translated into English. Data were coded inductively and analysed thematically. In all settings, experiences of treatment failure and associated episodes of ill-health disrupted daily social and economic activities, and recalled earlier fears of dying from HIV. Transitioning onto more effective regimens often represented a second (or third) chance to (re-)engage with HIV care, with patients prioritising their health over other aspects of their lives. However, many patients struggled to maintain these transformations, particularly when faced with persistent social challenges to pill-taking, alongside the burden of more complex regimens and an inability to mobilise sufficient resources to accommodate change. Efforts to identify treatment failure and support regimen change must account for these patients' unique illness and treatment histories, and interventions should incorporate tailored counselling and social and economic support.
Intraventricular hemorrhage after dural fistula embolization de Carvalho, Joana Chaves Gonçalves Rodrigues; Machin, Francisco Javier Tercero; Manzanera, Luis San Roman ...
Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier),
2017 Mar - Apr, Letnik:
67, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Dural arteriovenous fistulas are anomalous shunts between dural arterial and venous channels whose nidus is located between the dural leaflets. For those circumstances when invasive treatment is ...mandatory, endovascular techniques have grown to become the mainstay of practice, choice attributable to their reported safety and effectiveness. We describe the unique and rare case of a dural arteriovenous fistula treated by transarterial embolization and complicated by an intraventricular hemorrhage. We aim to emphasize some central aspects of the perioperative management of these patients in order to help improving the future approach of similar cases.
A 59-year-old woman with a previously diagnosed Cognard Type IV dural arteriovenous fistula presented for transarterial embolization, performed outside the operating room, under total intravenous anesthesia. The procedure underwent without complications and the intraoperative angiography revealed complete obliteration of the fistula. In the early postoperative period, the patient presented with clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure attributable to a later diagnosed intraventricular hemorrhage, which conditioned placement of a ventricular drain, admission to an intensive care unit, cerebral vasospasm and a prolonged hospital stay. Throughout the perioperative period, there were no changes in the cerebral brain oximetry. The patient was discharged without neurological sequelae.
Intraventricular hemorrhage may be a serious complication after the endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistula. A close postoperative surveillance and monitoring allow an early diagnosis and treatment which increases the odds for an improved outcome.
Fístulas arteriovenosas durais (FAVD) são comunicações anômalas entre os canais venosos e arteriais da dura-máter cujo centro está localizado entre os folhetos da dura-máter. Para as circunstâncias nas quais o tratamento invasivo é obrigatório, as técnicas endovasculares se tornaram os pilares da prática, escolha atribuível a relatos de sua segurança e eficácia. Descrevemos o caso único e raro de uma FAVD tratada por embolização transarterial (ETA) e complicada por uma hemorragia intraventricular (HIV). Nosso objetivo foi destacar alguns aspectos centrais do manejo perioperatório desses pacientes para ajudar a melhorar uma futura abordagem de casos semelhantes.
Paciente do sexo feminino, 59 anos de idade, com diagnóstico prévio de FAVD tipo IV (Cognard), apresentou-se para ETA, realizada fora da sala de cirurgia sob anestesia venosa total. O procedimento transcorreu sem complicações, e a angiografia intraoperatória revelou obliteração completa da fístula. No período pós-operatório imediato, a paciente apresentou sinais clínicos de aumento da pressão intracraniana (PIC) atribuíveis a uma HIV posteriormente diagnosticada, o que condicionou a colocação de um dreno ventricular, internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), vasoespasmo cerebral e internação hospitalar prolongada. Durante todo o período perioperatório, não houve alterações na oximetria cerebral. A paciente recebeu alta sem sequelas neurológicas.
HIV pode ser uma complicação grave após o tratamento endovascular de FAVD. A observação e monitoramento cuidadosos no pós-operatório permitem o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento que aumenta as chances de um resultado melhor.
Due to anthropogenic disturbances, the common sponge Petrosia ficiformis has suffered from severe disease outbreaks coincidental with episodic raises in seawater temperature. Here, we report on the ...optimization of ten microsatellites that can be used to estimate population connectivity and structure. This information will be critical for further conservation efforts across P. ficiformis’ Atlanto-Mediterranean distribution. Microsatellites were isolated by genomic pyrosequencing and tested in two populations from the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic, each with 27 and 16 individuals, respectively. The allele number per locus ranged from 4 to 12, observed heterozygosity from 0.399 to 0.686, and expected heterozygosity from 0.421 to 0.715. No linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was detected.
Intraventricular hemorrhage after dural fistula embolization de Carvalho, Joana Chaves Gonçalves Rodrigues; Machin, Francisco Javier Tercero; Manzanera, Luis San Roman ...
Revista brasileira de anestesiologia,
2017 Mar - Apr, 20170301, Letnik:
67, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Dural arteriovenous fistulas are anomalous shunts between dural arterial and venous channels whose nidus is located between the dural leaflets. For those circumstances when invasive treatment is ...mandatory, endovascular techniques have grown to become the mainstay of practice, choice attributable to their reported safety and effectiveness. We describe the unique and rare case of a dural arteriovenous fistula treated by transarterial embolization and complicated by an intraventricular hemorrhage. We aim to emphasize some central aspects of the perioperative management of these patients in order to help improving the future approach of similar cases.
A 59-year-old woman with a previously diagnosed Cognard Type IV dural arteriovenous fistula presented for transarterial embolization, performed outside the operating room, under total intravenous anesthesia. The procedure underwent without complications and the intraoperative angiography revealed complete obliteration of the fistula. In the early postoperative period, the patient presented with clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure attributable to a later diagnosed intraventricular hemorrhage, which conditioned placement of a ventricular drain, admission to an intensive care unit, cerebral vasospasm and a prolonged hospital stay. Throughout the perioperative period, there were no changes in the cerebral brain oximetry. The patient was discharged without neurological sequelae.
Intraventricular hemorrhage may be a serious complication after the endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistula. A close postoperative surveillance and monitoring allow an early diagnosis and treatment which increases the odds for an improved outcome.
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) affects more than 40 million people across Europe, thus becoming the fastest growing cause of disability worldwide. Although numerous treatments for various forms of ...arthritis have been identified, such therapies are restricted by considerable side effects and limited efficacy. Tissue engineering approaches have emerged in recent years as a novel opportunity, and the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) constitutes an appealing biological approach to favour the healing of tissues otherwise doomed by a low healing potential, such as cartilage. Platelets constitute a reservoir of growth factors that promote cellular recruitment, growth and morphogenesis, and modulate inflammation. However, the need of autologous PL for an effective treatment limits its use. Here we propose the direct use of exosomes platelet derived as an alternative to PL. Exosomes are known to be subcellular vesicles between 30 and 100 nm which contain protein and nucleic acids capable to stimulate cell proliferation. Methods: Exosomes derived from PL were isolated by ultracentrifugation (UC). The obtained exosomes were characterized by TEM (transmission electron microscopy), DLS (dynamic light scattering), AFM (atomic force microscopy) and for the presence of exosome markers by Western blot. Exosomes and PL were both tested on the chondrogenic ATDC-5 cell line. Metabolic activity and glycosaminoglycans staining (Alcian Blue Staining) were checked out. Moreover, gene expression assays were performed. Results: Treatment with exosomes or with PL gave similar results as for metabolic activity, alcian blue staining or gene expression of marker genes. Summary/Conclusion: In conclusion, exosomes platelet derived can be used as an alternative to platelet lysates for chondrogenic differentiation.
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