The field of quantum computing has grown from concept to demonstration devices over the past 20 years. Universal quantum computing offers efficiency in approaching problems of scientific and ...commercial interest, such as factoring large numbers, searching databases, simulating intractable models from quantum physics, and optimizing complex cost functions. Here, we present an 11-qubit fully-connected, programmable quantum computer in a trapped ion system composed of 13
Yb
ions. We demonstrate average single-qubit gate fidelities of 99.5Formula: see text, average two-qubit-gate fidelities of 97.5Formula: see text, and SPAM errors of 0.7Formula: see text. To illustrate the capabilities of this universal platform and provide a basis for comparison with similarly-sized devices, we compile the Bernstein-Vazirani and Hidden Shift algorithms into our native gates and execute them on the hardware with average success rates of 78Formula: see text and 35Formula: see text, respectively. These algorithms serve as excellent benchmarks for any type of quantum hardware, and show that our system outperforms all other currently available hardware.
Abstract
In the present study, a method for the synthesis of gelatin-stabilized copper oxide nanoparticles was developed. Synthesis was carried out by direct chemical precipitation. Copper sulfate, ...chloride, and acetate were used as precursors for the copper oxide synthesis. Gelatin was used as a stabilizer. It was found that the formation of monophase copper oxide II only occurred when copper acetate was used as a precursor. Our results showed that particles of the smallest diameter are formed in an aqueous medium (18 ± 6 nm), and those of th largest diameter—in an isobutanol medium (370 ± 131 nm). According to the photon correlation spectroscopy data, copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized in an aqueous medium were highly stable and had a monomodal size distribution with an average hydrodynamic radius of 61 nm. The study of the pH effect on the colloidal stability of copper oxide nanoparticles showed that the sample was stable in the pH range of 6.8 to 11.98. A possible mechanism for the pH influence on the stability of copper oxide nanoparticles is described. The effect of the ionic strength of the solution on the stability of the CuO nanoparticles sol was also studied, and the results showed that Ca
2+
ions had the greatest effect on the sample stability. IR spectroscopy showed that the interaction of CuO nanoparticles with gelatin occurred through the hydroxyl group. It was found that CuO nanoparticles stabilized with gelatin have a fungicidal activity at concentration equivalent 2.5 · 10
−3
mol/L and as a material for food nanopackaging can provide an increase in the shelf life of products on the example of strawberries and tomatoes. We investigated the possibility of using methylcellulose films modified with CuO nanoparticles for packaging and storage of hard cheese “Holland”. The distribution of CuO nanoparticles in the methylcellulose film was uniform. We found that methylcellulose films modified with CuO nanoparticles inhibited the growth and development of QMAFAM, coliforms, yeast and mold in experimental cheese sa mples. Our research has shown that during the cheese storage in thermostat at 35 ± 1 °C for 7 days, CuO nanoparticles migrated to the product from the film. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the maximum change in the concentration of copper in the experimental samples was only 0.12 µg/mg, which is not a toxic concentration. In general, the small value of migration of CuO nanoparticles confirms the high stability of the developed preparation. Our results indicated that the CuO nanoparticles stabilized with gelatin have a high potential for use in food packaging – both as an independent nanofilm and as part of other packaging materials.
•Pores, fats and bone inclusions were distinguished in sausage meat.•Identification of Ca from bone inclusions from the total calcium content in the sausage samples was performed using ...microCT.•Analysis of bone content and bone mineral density of sausage samples was implemented with SkyScan software.
This study highlights the possibility of computing microtomography application in food engineering. Standard methods for identifying bone inclusions in sausage products were compared to the proposed method of computing microtomography. The disadvantages of chemical and histological analysis in determining the content of mechanically separated meat in sausage are indicated and described. 2D and 3D microtomograms of the studied sausage samples were obtained. Using computing tomography analyzer (CTAn) software, quantitative analysis of sausage microstructure characteristics were produced. Characteristics of bone and cartilage inclusions in experimental samples are determined. At the end of the study, additional parameters of sausage samples were obtained and analyzed that allowed us to conduct complete sausage microstructure engineering. It is concluded that computer microtomography can be used for detailed microstructural analysis of food products to ensure the quality of production or food fraud identification.
We suggest an explanation of a sharp increase in the abundance of cosmogenic radiocarbon found in tree rings dated AD 775. The increase could originate from high-energy irradiation of the atmosphere ...by a Galactic gamma-ray burst. We argue that, unlike a cosmic ray event, a gamma-ray burst does not necessarily result in a substantial increase in long-lived 10Be atmospheric production. At the same time, the 36Cl nuclide would be generated in the amounts detectable in the corresponding ice-core samples from Greenland and Antarctica. These peculiar features allow experimental discrimination of nuclide effects caused by gamma-ray bursts and by powerful proton events.
We present the results of optical (R band) photometric and polarimetric monitoring and Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) imaging of the blazar S5 0716+714 along with Fermi gamma -ray data during a ...multi-waveband outburst in 2011 October. We analyze total and polarized intensity images of the blazar obtained with the VLBA at 43 GHz during and after the outburst. Monotonic rotation of the linear polarization vector at a rate of > ~50degrees per night coincided with a sharp maximum in gamma -ray and optical flux. At the same time, within the uncertainties, a new superluminal knot appeared with an apparent speed of 21 + or - 2c. The general multi-frequency behavior of the outburst can be explained within the framework of a shock wave propagating along a helical path in the blazar's jet.
The study is aimed to investigate the impact of silver nanoparticles on germination of Pisum sativum pea seeds. The influence of synthesized silver nanoparticles on root length and percentage of ...germinated seeds was revealed. It was found that nanosilver treatment agents do not affect the germination of pea seeds negatively at low concentrations. Also, the treatment of pea seeds with silver nanoparticles provide a significant positive effect on the root length of pea seeds.
•Seeds pre-sowing treatment with nanosilver may significantly promote root growth.•Silver nanoparticles do not impair germination of seeds at concentrations < 10–3%.•5 × 10–4% concentration of silver nanoparticles is efficient for pre-sowing treatment.
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This article considers the problem of the plane motion of a particle (material point) after its collision with an elastic, weightless film stretched on a rigid flat frame in the shape of a ...stationary ring. A lower estimate is given for the particle moving along the normal to the ring plane after a central and oblique collision with the film, and the particle trajectory is approximately determined for an oblique collision, when the support contour is convex and reflection symmetric.
The results of the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles stabilized with quaternary ammonium compounds are presented. It has been shown that the increase in the content of quaternary ammonium compounds ...in the solution during synthesis changes the mechanism of stabilization of selenium nanoparticles and affects the sign as well as the value of the colloidal particles charge. At low concentrations of the quaternary ammonium compounds, stabilization has occurred via electrostatic mechanism and has led to the formation of spherical particles with excess negative charge. At high concentrations of the quaternary ammonium compounds, stabilization has occurred via electrosteric mechanism and has afforded spherical particles with excess positive charge, the stabilizer layer thickness being of 10 to 40 nm depending on the quaternary ammonium compound nature.
Context. Investigating the magnetic field structure in the innermost regions of relativistic jets is fundamental to understanding the crucial physical processes giving rise to jet formation, as well ...as to their extraordinary radiation output up to γ-ray energies. Aims. We study the magnetic field structure of the quasar CTA 102 with 3 and 7 mm VLBI polarimetric observations, reaching an unprecedented resolution (∼50 μas). We also investigate the variability and physical processes occurring in the source during the observing period, which coincides with a very active state of the source over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Methods. We perform the Faraday rotation analysis using 3 and 7 mm data and we compare the obtained rotation measure (RM) map with the polarization evolution in 7 mm VLBA images. We study the kinematics and variability at 7 mm and infer the physical parameters associated with variability. From the analysis of γ-ray and X-ray data, we compute a minimum Doppler factor value required to explain the observed high-energy emission. Results. Faraday rotation analysis shows a gradient in RM with a maximum value of ∼6 × 104 rad m−2 and intrinsic electric vector position angles (EVPAs) oriented around the centroid of the core, suggesting the presence of large-scale helical magnetic fields. Such a magnetic field structure is also visible in 7 mm images when a new superluminal component is crossing the core region. The 7 mm EVPA orientation is different when the component is exiting the core or crossing a stationary feature at ∼0.1 mas. The interaction between the superluminal component and a recollimation shock at ∼0.1 mas could have triggered the multi-wavelength flares. The variability Doppler factor associated with such an interaction is large enough to explain the high-energy emission and the remarkable optical flare occurred very close in time.
The paper presents a method for the synthesis of cystine-stabilized manganese metahydroxide nanoparticles. The resulting particles had a spherical shape, a diameter of the order of 16–25 nm, and were ...strongly agglomerated. Studies of the morphology, elemental and phase composition of MnO(OH) nanoparticles have been carried out. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of a semicrystalline MnO(OH) phase with an orthorhombic structure. A quantum-chemical simulation has been performed and models of the chemical bond formation between a cystine molecule and a fragment of the manganese metahydroxide unit cell were constructed. Based on the results of computer simulation, the most probable mechanism of MnO(OH) nanoparticles stabilization with cystine has been established. It lies in the interaction of the carboxyl group of cystine with the hydroxo group of manganese metahydroxide.
•α-MnOOH nanoparticles have been synthesized by the chemical reduction method.•Cysteine can be both a reducing agent and a stabilizer for MnOOH NPs.•Simulation of the MnOOH NPs stabilization process has been performed.•When stabilized with cystine, MnOOH formed quasi-spherical NPs.
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