The Crucifers family (Brassicaceae) includes a large number of economically important crops, particularly
Brassica rapa
, which is a widely used model plant for molecular genetic studies of oilseeds.
...B. rapa
is a highly polymorphic species that includes many of genetically distinct subspecies. Considering this fact, the intraspecific hybridization of
B. rapa
subspecies is considered a promising breeding approach aimed at increasing the genetic diversity of the crop. Previously, the authors have shown that one of such hybrids,
B. rapa
subsp.
oleifera
f.
biennis
× (subsp.
rapifera
×
pekinensis
), could be a valuable oil feedstock due to its increased productivity. However, obtaining hybrids and their subsequent breeding would require the involvement of various molecular marker systems. So far, the method of estimating the length polymorphism of the first (TBP) and second (cTBP) introns of β-tubulin has demonstrated its high accuracy and reliability in the identification (DNA-barcoding) of flowering plant taxonomic units at different levels. In the present study, the productivity of such hybrid oil tyfon (
B. rapa
subsp.
oleifera
f.
biennis
× (subsp.
rapifera
×
pekinensis
)) was evaluated and DNA-barcoding of different hybrid tyfon lines (
B. rapa
subsp.
oleifera
f.
biennis
× (subsp.
rapifera
×
pekinensis
)) and its parental
B. rapa
subspecies using the β-tubulin intron length polymorphism assessment approach was carried out. Based on the data of the molecular genetic analysis, which included the assessment of length polymorphism of the first and second introns of β-tubulin genes, we were able to confirm the origin of the oil tyfon hybrid (
B. rapa
subsp.
oleifera
f.
biennis
× (subsp.
rapifera
×
pekinensis
)) hybrid from Dutch leaf tyfon (
B. rapa
subsp.
rapifera
×
pekinensis
) and winter turnip (
B. rapa
subsp.
oleifera
) with high confidence. Along with that, it was possible to differentiate var.
glabra
and var.
laxa
accession of napa cabbage (
B. rapa
subsp.
pekinensis
) for the first time using combined TBP and cTBP analyses. A variation in the number of amplified regions of β-tubulin introns was noted in different genotypes; however, these differences did not appear to be a specific feature of a particular subspecies/hybrid. This suggests that
B. rapa
hybrids most likely do not differ in ploidy compared to their parental genotypes. In addition, it was shown that the mentioned oil tyfon hybrid lines of Ukrainian breeding show a significant level of morphological variation despite their common breeding pedigree.
The analysis of the effect of ivermectin on phytopathogenic strains of
Fusarium graminearum
(F‑55644, F-55748) and
Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp.
lycopersici
(F-52897, F-55547) was carried out; as a ...result, its concentrations were established at which a fungistatic effect on the growth of colonies of the specified strains was observed (2 and 3 mg/mL). It was found that
F. oxysporum
strains were more susceptible in general to ivermectin than
F. graminearum
strains. Since it is known that ivermectin is able to interact with β-tubulin (causing a stabilization of microtubules), to explain the obtained results, a 3-dimensional model of the complex of this compound with
Fusarium
β-tubulin was developed and ivermectin-induced changes in the conformation of β-tubulin were determined, including, particularly, the stabilization and spiralization of the M‑loop of the β-tubulin molecule. This structural element of β-tubulin plays an important role in the lateral contacts between tubulin subunits of adjacent protofilaments within the microtubule. Since the M-loop stabilization reflects a very important feature of microtubule stabilizing agents' binding to the taxane site of β-tubulin, it can be supposed, that ivermectin possesses the same effect on
Fusarium
microtubules. The results obtained allow for considering ivermectin or its derivatives as potential compounds with fungicidal activity.
The importance of the stratum corneum and its barrier function for infants, especially for newborns, is clinically evident. Research regarding the maturation of the stratum corneum in neonates, i.e. ...when full barrier function is obtained, has produced varying results. Based on transepidermal water loss and percutaneous absorption studies, term infants seem to possess stratum corneum with adult barrier properties. Additionally, postnatal life is thought to accelerate stratum corneum maturation, so that even preterm infants have barrier function similar to term infants at 2-3 weeks of gestational age. However, a look at other parameters, such as skin thickness, skin pH and stratum corneum hydration, shows that neonatal skin is always adjusting to the extrauterine environment in contrast to the steady state of adult skin. This suggests that barrier stabilization may be dependent on achieving a balance between different parameters. However, it is still in question, which parameters, what balance and what timing. This paper provides an up-to-date overview on the neonatal skin barrier based on the review of current literature.
Using a cell suspension of growth-promoting bacteria (
Bacillus subtilis
) in spring wheat plants of the Granny variety generates a 25% increase in the level of their resistance against the causative ...agent of basal bacteriosis (
Pseudomonas syringae
pv.
atrofaciens
). The study established the initiation of the synthesis of cell-wall biopolymers, in particular, cellulose, lignin, and suberin, and the accumulation of the content of oxycoric and oxybenzoic acids in plant leaves.
Histone lysine acetylation is a reversible post-translational modification that does not involve changes in DNA sequences. Enzymes play an important role in developmental processes and their ...deregulation has been linked to the progression of diverse disorders. The HAT enzyme family fulfills an important role in various developmental processes mediated by the state of chromatin, and have been attributed to its deregulation. To understand acetylation mechanisms and their role in cell signaling, transcriptional regulation, and apoptosis, it is crucial to identify and analyze acetylation sites. Bioinformatics methods can be used to generate relatively precise predictions. Here we applied classical bioinformatics methods—sequence alignment, homology modeling, and docking—to compare approved and predicted lysine acetylation processes in different organisms. HAM1 and HAM2 are analogs of KAT8 and KAT7 (MYST1 and MYST2), members of the MYST histone acetyltransferase family, and our results show that HAM1 and HAM2 have much in common with other representatives of MYST families from various organisms. One function of acetyl-CoA binding was predicted with a high level of probability by computational methods. Based on our data, we conclude that, despite huge genetic distances and some structural differences between animal and plant species, a closer look at acetylation mechanism shows that they have much in common.
Based on the analysis of the intron polymorphism of β-tubulin genes, the genetic variability of old Quercus robur L. trees from “Holosiivsky” NPP was investigated. The genotyping of 55 old Q. robur ...trees was carried out; 40 polymorphic and one monomorphic (about 880 bp) TBR fragments were found. High frequency (70–90%) of occurrence of fragments with an approximate molecular weight of 275, 490, 500, and 1110 bp was observed.The genetic polymorphism of old Q. robur trees was assessed as quite high: РІС is 0.22 – 0.39, the effective number of alleles per locus was 1.174–1.268. The Shannon information index was in the range of 0.204–0.269.The geographical differentiation of the genetic structure of centuries-old oak trees from “Holosiivsky” NPP was not pronounced. The share of inter-selection genetic variability (AMOVA) accounts for about 6% of genetic variability, and the geographic component – about 1%. Around 93% of genetic variability is concentrated on the individual level. Using the ТВР method, we found that Q. robur forest stands do not have a stabilized genetic and visible spatial structure, but at the same time they possess a sufficiently large genetic diversity.
Efficient methods in totipotent callus formation, cell suspension culture establishment and whole-plant regeneration have been developed for the goosegrass Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and its ...dinitroaniline-resistant biotypes. The optimum medium for inducing morphogenic calli consisted of N6 basal salts and B5 vitamins supplemented with 1-2 mg l(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2 mg l(-1) glycine, 100 mg l(-1) asparagine, 100 mg l(-1) casein hydrolysate, 30 g l(-1) sucrose and 0.6% agar, pH 5.7. The presence of organogenic and embryogenic structures in these calli was histologically documented. Cell suspension cultures derived from young calli were established in a liquid medium with the same composition. Morphogenic structures of direct shoots and somatic embryos were grown into rooted plantlets on medium containing MS basal salts, B5 vitamins, 1 mg l(-1) kinetin (Kn) and 0.1 mg l(-1) indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 3% sucrose, 0.6% agar, pH 5.7. Calli derived from the R-biotype of E. indica possessed a high resistance to trifluralin (dinitroaniline herbicide) and cross-resistance to a structurally non-related herbicide, amiprophosmethyl (phosphorothioamidate herbicide), as did the original resistant plants. Embryogenic cell suspension culture was a better source of E. indica protoplasts than callus or mesophyll tissue. The enzyme solution containing 1.5% cellulase Onozuka R-10, 0.5% driselase, 1% pectolyase Y-23, 0.5% hemicellulase and N(6) mineral salts with an additional 0.2 M KCl and 0.1 M CaCl(2) (pH 5.4-5.5) was used for protoplast isolation. The purified protoplasts were cultivated in KM8p liquid medium supplemented with 2 mg l(-1) 2,4-D and 0.2 mg l(-1) Kn.
The efficiencies of the induction of cytomixis in microsporogenesis by thermal stress are compared in tobacco (
N. tabacum
L.) and barley (
H. distichum
L.) It has been shown that different thermal ...treatment schedules (budding tobacco plants at 50°C and air-dried barley grains at 48°C) produce similar results in the species: the frequency of cytomixis increases, and its maximum shifts to later stages of meiosis. However, the species show differences in response. The cytomixis frequency increase in tobacco is more pronounced, and its maximum shifts from the zygotene–pachytene stages of meiotic prophase I to prometaphase–metaphase I. Later in the meiosis, aberrations in chromosome structure and meiotic apparatus formation typical of cytomixis are noted, as well as cytomixis activation in tapetum cells. Thermal stress disturbs the integration of callose-bearing vesicles into the callose wall. Cold treatment at 7°C does not affect cytomixis frequency in tobacco microsporogenesis. Incubation of barley seeds at 48°C activates cytomixis in comparison to the control, shifts its maximum from the premeiotic interphase to zygotene, and changes the habit of cytomictic interactions from pairwise contacts to the formation of multicellular clusters. Thermal treatment induces cytomictic interactions within the tapetum and between microsporocytes and the tapetum. However, later meiotic phases show no adverse consequences of active cytomixis in barley. It is conjectured that heat stress affects callose metabolism and integration into the forming callose wall, thereby causing incomplete closure of cytomictic channels and favoring intercellular chromosome migration at advanced meiotic stages.
Butanol is an alternative type of fuel. Amid the depletion of the world’s (accessible) petroleum reserves, butanol is considered to be a potential energy source. Although butanol production was ...initially associated with microbiological synthesis, on an industrial scale, butanol is produced via chemical synthesis. For its production to become economically viable, strains of microorganisms must have a potential for excessive synthesis of butanol. The pathways of butanol synthesis via microorganisms and their regulation, as well as the most promising producer strains for industrial production and methods for increasing their productivity, are discussed in the survey.
The efficiencies of the induction of cytomixis in microsporogenesis by thermal stress are compared
in tobacco (N. tabacum L.) and barley (H. distichum L.) It has been shown that different thermal ...treatment
schedules (budding tobacco plants at 50°C and air-dried barley grains at 48°C) produce similar results in the
species: the frequency of cytomixis increases, and its maximum shifts to later stages of meiosis. However, the
species show differences in response. The cytomixis frequency increase in tobacco is more pronounced, and
its maximum shifts from the zygotene–pachytene stages of meiotic prophase I to prometaphase–metaphase
I. Later in the meiosis, aberrations in chromosome structure and meiotic apparatus formation typical of cytomixis
are noted, as well as cytomixis activation in tapetum cells. Thermal stress disturbs the integration of callose-
bearing vesicles into the callose wall. Cold treatment at 7°C does not affect cytomixis frequency in
tobacco microsporogenesis. Incubation of barley seeds at 48°C activates cytomixis in comparison to the control,
shifts its maximum from the premeiotic interphase to zygotene, and changes the habit of cytomictic
interactions from pairwise contacts to the formation of multicellular clusters. Thermal treatment induces
cytomictic interactions within the tapetum and between microsporocytes and the tapetum. However, later
meiotic phases show no adverse consequences of active cytomixis in barley. It is conjectured that heat stress
affects callose metabolism and integration into the forming callose wall, thereby causing incomplete closure
of cytomictic channels and favoring intercellular chromosome migration at advanced meiotic stages.
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