In this paper, a new asymmetric planar V-shaped magnet arrangement for a linear PM synchronous motor is proposed. Several magnet arrangements for the track of the proposed linear permanent magnet ...(PM) synchronous motor such as un-skewed magnets, conventional magnet skew, and V-shaped planar magnets have been investigated. The performance results of the linear motor with skewed magnets are compared to those of previously designed PM linear synchronous motor with conventional un-skewed rectangular-shaped (CuSRS) magnets. The forcer is kept the same for all track structures and a thorough comparison is provided for low detent force and low force ripple with the CuSRS and proposed planar V-shaped magnet skew approaches.
Conventional coreless linear permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous motors have been used commonly in various applications in industry. In this article, coreless double-sided PM linear motor design ...alternatives are proposed with a novel track structure with less magnets. A linear motor design with conventional coreless PM linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) is provided as a benchmark. Detailed 3-D finite-element analysis simulations for the proposed new track structures are presented with conventional linear motor design data. A thorough performance comparison is also presented. A prototype motor of a promising track design is built and tested. It is shown that the design data and test results are in good agreement, and the proposed alternative track design could be a decent low cost and relatively high force density solution for some applications.
Behavioral research suggests that Westerners focus more on objects, whereas East Asians attend more to relationships and contexts. We evaluated the neural basis for these cultural differences in an ...event-related fMRI study. East Asian and American participants incidentally encoded pictures of (1) a target object alone, (2) a background scene with no discernable target object, and (3) a distinct target object against a meaningful background. Americans, relative to East Asians, activated more regions implicated in object processing, including bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left superior parietal/angular gyrus, and right superior temporal/supramarginal gyrus. In contrast to the cultural differences in object-processing areas, few differences emerged in background-processing regions. These results suggest that cultural experiences subtly direct neuralactivity, particularly for focal objects, at an early stage of scene encoding.
In this paper, design and control of an asymmetric V-shaped segmented magnet arrangement for a linear permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor is investigated. A single forcer single track structure ...is used in the investigation. Magnet arrangement for the track of the PM linear motor (PMLM) is also compared with an un-skewed magnet pole motor and the benefits of the proposed asymmetric V-shaped track are presented. Control of the machine at no-load and on-load are completed. The designed unconventional linear motor is manufactured and the test results are compared with the simulations. It is seen that there is good agreement between FEA and experimental results of the PMLSM. The benefits and the potentials of the V-shaped segmented magnet arrangement is also presented in the paper.
Linear permanent magnet motors (LPMMs) have been used in a wide range of applications from automation to transportation in recent years. Detent force component, which is added to total force ...directly, is an important issue in industrial applications where smooth position control is required. Auxiliary teeth design is critical to obtain smooth operation. In this paper, auxiliary-teeth design optimization is investigated to reduce the detent force by the end effect of the motor. The LPMM performance and effect of the auxiliary-teeth are analyzed by using finite element analysis (FEA) package. Also, the prototype linear motor with auxiliary-teeth has been manufactured in order to obtain linear motor performance. The experimental results are also compared with the FEA results.
Congenital diarrheal disorders (CDDs) with genetic etiology are uncommon hereditary intestinal diseases characterized by chronic, life-threatening, intractable watery diarrhea that starts in infancy. ...CDDs can be mechanistically divided into osmotic and secretory diarrhea. Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE), also known as intestinal epithelial dysplasia, is a type of secretory CDD. CTE is a rare autosomal recessive enteropathy that presents with intractable neonatal-onset diarrhea, intestinal failure, severe malnutrition, and parenteral nutrition dependence. Villous atrophy of the intestinal epithelium, crypt hyperplasia, and irregularity of surface enterocytes are the specific pathological findings of CTE. The small intestine and occasionally the colonic mucosa include focal epithelial tufts. In 2008, Sivagnanam et al. discovered that mutations in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, MIM# 185535) were the genetic cause of CTE (MIM# 613217). More than a hundred mutations have been reported to date. Furthermore, mutations in the serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type 2 (SPINT2, MIM# 605124) have been linked to syndromic CTE. In this study, we report the case of a 17-month-old male infant with congenital diarrhea. Despite extensive etiological workup, no etiology could be established before admission to our center. The patient died 15 hours after being admitted to our center in a metabolically decompensated state, probably due to a delay in admission and diagnosis. Molecular autopsy with exome sequencing revealed a previously reported homozygous missense variant, c.757G>A, in EpCAM, which was confirmed by histopathological examination.
Research on ensemble perception has shown that people can extract both mean and variance information, but much less is understand how these two different types of summaries interact with one another. ...Some research has argued that people are more erroneous in extracting the mean of displays that have greater variability. In all three experiments, we manipulated the variability in the displays. Participants reported the mean size of a set of circles (
Experiment 1
) and mean length of horizontally placed (
Experiment 2a
) and randomly oriented lines (
Experiment 2b
). In all experiments, we found that mean size estimations were more erroneous for higher than smaller variance displays. More critically, there was a tendency to overestimate the mean, driven by variance in both task-relevant and task-irrelevant features. We discuss these findings in relation to limitations in concurrent summarization ability and outlier discounting in ensemble perception.
It is known that the visual system can efficiently extract mean and variance information, facilitating the detection of outliers. However, no research to date has directly investigated whether ...ensemble perception mechanisms contribute to outlier representation precision. We specifically were interested in how the distinctiveness of outliers impacts their precision. Across two experiments, we compared how accurately viewers represented the orientation of spatial outliers that varied in distinctiveness and found that increased outlier distinctiveness resulted in greater precision. Based on comparisons of our data to simulations reflecting particular selective strategies, we eliminated the possibility that participants were selectively processing the outlier, at the expense of the ensemble. Thus, we argued that participants separately represented distinct outliers along with ensemble summaries of the remaining items in a display. We also found that outlier distinctiveness moderated the precision of how the remaining items were summarized. We discuss these findings in relation to computational capacity and constraints of ensemble perception mechanisms.
The visual system can efficiently summarize various lower-level and higher-level features of ensembles. However, no research to date has directly investigated how different features interact with ...each other within a single summary and whether people can efficiently report an integrated summary of two feature dimensions. In the first two experiments, we specifically investigated whether individuals can integrate spatial and size information to report a bound spatial summary, the
center of mass
(CoM), as efficiently as the
centroid
, which is devoid of size information. Both experiments revealed that viewers were equally accurate in extracting the centroid and the CoM, with the size distribution inadvertently affecting the centroid estimates. In the final experiment, we investigated whether encouraging observers to attend to individual item size would cause the centroid estimates to be biased toward the CoM. When item size was task-irrelevant, as in the centroid task, observers were able to selectively focus on spatial location, eliminating any impact from the size distribution. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that viewers are capable of extracting integrated summaries, possibly through a mechanism that allows them to represent the spatial distribution of sizes. We discuss possible mechanisms that may support the extraction of integrated summaries, and highlight the need to consider multilevel mechanisms extending beyond simple feature- and object-based mechanisms.
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