Background Cesarean sections (CS) are believed to be associated with greater risks of postpartum VTE. Our objective was to systematically review the evidence on this association and on the absolute ...risk of VTE following CS. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and conference proceedings from 1980 to November 2015 for reports on the associations of delivery methods with postpartum VTE and on the incidence of VTE following CS. Studies on thrombophilia or recurrent VTE were excluded, and the search was restricted to prospective studies when assessing the incidence of VTE. Pooled relative and absolute risks were estimated with random effects models. Results The search retrieved 28 mostly retrospective observational studies comparing risks of VTE following CS and following vaginal deliveries (VD) (> 53,000 VTE events) and 32 prospective studies reporting risks of VTE following CS (218 VTE events). Compared with VD, the relative risk of VTE following CS ranged from 1 to 22, with a meta-analytic OR of 3.7 (95% CI, 3.0-4.6). Adjustment for age and BMI had a marginal influence on the estimated pooled OR. Associations were observed for both elective and emergency CS, with stronger estimates of associations for emergency CS. The pooled incidence was 2.6 VTE per 1,000 CS (95% CI, 1.7-3.5) and was greater in studies with a longer and better follow-up in the postpartum period (4.3 per 1,000 CS). Conclusions The risk of VTE was fourfold greater following CS than following VD; seemed independent of other VTE risk factors; and was greater following emergency CS than following elective CS. On average, three in 1,000 women will develop a VTE following CS.
Fibrinogen and the risk of thrombosis de Moerloose, Philippe; Boehlen, Françoise; Neerman-Arbez, Marguerite
Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis,
02/2010, Letnik:
36, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Fibrinogen contributes to thrombosis risk in different ways. Indeed, various mutations in the fibrinogen genes predispose to thrombosis. At the same time, high levels of fibrinogen are also ...associated with thrombotic complications. Although the underlying causative mechanisms are not clear, this most likely involves the associated inflammatory and hypercoagulable states. In the last few years, particular attention has focused on the polymorphisms of fibrinogen genes involved in increased fibrinogen levels or fibrinogen qualitative changes. The association between dysfibrinogenemia and risk of thrombosis is well known, and some mechanisms have been clearly identified. Paradoxically, some patients with either hypofibrinogenemia or afibrinogenemia may also suffer from severe thromboembolic complications. The management of these patients is particularly challenging because they are not only at risk of thrombosis but also of bleeding. This review discusses the various quantitative and qualitative defects of fibrinogen associated with thrombosis, the tests that may predict the thrombotic risk, as well as some preventive or therapeutic approaches.
Haemophilia A and B are hereditary X‐linked disorders due to deficiency (or absence) of coagulation factor VIII or IX, respectively. Bleeding risk is related to the severity of factor deficiency. ...Repeated joint bleeding can lead to a severe haemophilic arthropathy resulting in disabilities. Outcome measurements in persons with haemophilia (PWH) have been limited to laboratory evaluation (factor VIII or IX levels) and clinical outcomes (such as bleeding frequency), morbidity (for example linked with arthropathy) and mortality. Due to the new standard of care of PWH, there is a need to consider other outcome measures, such as the early detection and quantification of joint disease, health‐related quality of life (QoL) and economic or cost–utility analyses. To investigate this, we performed a 10‐yr systematic overview of outcome measures in haemophilia. Only clinical trials including at least 20 patients with haemophilia A or B were included. To facilitate the search strategy, eight issues of outcome measures were selected: physical scores, imaging technique scores, functional scores, QoL measurement, mortality, bleeding frequency, cost and outcome and bone mineral density. The results of these will be discussed. Clearly defined outcomes in haemophilia care are important for many reasons, to evaluate new treatments, to justify treatment strategies, to allow a good follow‐up, to perform studies and to allocate resources. The use of such scoring systems is clearly recommended by experts in haemophilia care. However, most centres do not perform such scores outside clinical trials due to reasons such as lack of time and resources.
RUNX1 gene alterations are associated with acquired and inherited hematologic malignancies that include familial platelet disorder/acute myeloid leukemia, primary or secondary acute myeloid leukemia, ...and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Recently, we reported that RUNX1-mediated silencing of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB (MYH10) was required for megakaryocyte ploidization and maturation. Here we demonstrate that runx1 deletion in mice induces the persistence of MYH10 in platelets, and a similar persistence was observed in platelets of patients with constitutional (familial platelet disorder/acute myeloid leukemia) or acquired (chronic myelomonocytic leukemia) RUNX1 mutations. MYH10 was also detected in platelets of patients with the Paris-Trousseau syndrome, a thrombocytopenia related to the deletion of the transcription factor FLI1 that forms a complex with RUNX1 to regulate megakaryopoiesis, whereas MYH10 persistence was not observed in other inherited forms of thrombocytopenia. We propose MYH10 detection as a new and simple tool to identify inherited platelet disorders and myeloid neoplasms with abnormalities in RUNX1 and its associated proteins.
Less than 60 cases of acquired factor (F)XIII deficiencies have been reported, most having distinct clinical features. To illustrate the therapeutic challenges of acquired FXIII inhibitors, we report ...a case of a 65-year-old patient with no previous bleeding history who suddenly developed massive haemorrhages associated to a strong and isolated FXIII inhibitor. No underlying disorder has been detected till now after three years of follow-up. Despite aggressive treatment with prednisone, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, immunoglobulin, immunoadsorption and immune tolerance his inhibitor is still present, although at low titre and with a clinical benefit since the patient has no more bleed since more than one year. Moreover the patient had a venous thromboembolic complication. After a review of the management of acquired FXIII deficiency patients and based on the management of acquired haemophilia we discuss a possible strategy for such difficult cases.
Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare but serious condition, usually associated with significant spontaneous or traumatic bleeding and a high mortality rate. In this report, we describe the case of ...an elderly patient presenting a transient ischemic attack concurrently with AHA. A thrombotic event in AHA is occasionally associated with the use of bypassing agents for treatment, but a spontaneous thrombotic event has not ever been described.
Purpose
Current recommendations for the assessment of the risk of perioperative bleeding limit coagulation testing to patients with a personal and/or family history of bleeding. As no simple ...preoperative screening questionnaire is currently available, we assessed the performance of a novel screening questionnaire for its ability to detect bleeding disorders.
Methods
A dichotomized, seven-point questionnaire named HEMSTOP (Hematoma, hEmorrhage, Menorrhagia, Surgery, Tooth extraction, Obstetrics, Parents) was applied to three groups of subjects: patients referred to hemostasis specialists for bleeding symptoms for whom any kind of perioperative hemostatic precautions were subsequently recommended (n = 38); patients referred to hemostasis specialists for whom precautions were not required (n = 75); healthy volunteers (n = 70). We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of HEMSTOP scores and compared them with the discriminative performances of standard blood coagulation assays (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time).
Results
Patients requiring perioperative hemostatic precautions had greater median interquartile range HEMSTOP scores (2 2-3) than patients not requiring precautions (1 1-2) and healthy controls (0 0-0);
P
< 0.001. A HEMSTOP score ≥ 2 had a specificity of 98.6% 95% confidence interval (CI), 92.3 to 100 and a sensitivity of 89.5% (95% CI, 75.2 to 97.1). The 26.3% (95% CI, 13.4 to 43.1) sensitivity of the standard coagulation times was much lower.
Conclusion
The HEMSTOP score discriminates patients at an elevated risk for bleeding with recommended perioperative precautions from those without such recommendations as well as from healthy participants. Further evaluation of the HEMSTOP score is required for a better evaluation of its definitive usefulness to predict the risk of perioperative bleeding.
Thrombophilia may be defined as an acquired or congenital abnormality of hemostasis predisposing to thrombosis. Because arterial thrombosis is usually linked with classical risk factors such as ...smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes, a thrombophilia workup is usually not considered in case of arterial thrombosis. The most accepted inherited hemostatic abnormalities associated with venous thromboembolism are factor V Leiden (FVL) and factor II (FII) G20210A mutations, as well as deficiencies in antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC), and protein S (PS). This review focuses on the link between these abnormalities and arterial thrombosis. Overall, the association between these genetic disorders and the three main arterial complications (myocardial infarction MI, ischemic stroke IS, and peripheral arterial disease PAD) is modest. Routine screening for these disorders is therefore not warranted in most cases of arterial complications. However, when such an arterial event occurs in a young person, inherited abnormalities of hemostasis seem to play a role, particularly when associated with smoking or oral contraceptive use. These abnormalities also seem to play a role in the risk of premature occlusion after revascularization procedures. Therefore thrombophilia tests may be informative in a very restricted population with arterial events. Anticoagulants rather than antiplatelet therapy may be preferable for these patients, although this remains to be proven.
The large majority of patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery are elderly and take systemic medications on a regular basis, including antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatments. It is current practice ...for many physicians to discontinue antithrombotic treatment prior to surgery to reduce bleeding complications that may lead to retrobulbar haemorrhage and, ultimately, to loss of vision. However, discontinuation of antithrombotic treatment in such patients may lead to thromboembolic events with serious consequences. The present narrative review highlights the risk of thrombosis when discontinuing antithrombotic drugs and the risk of bleeding when continuing them. The published literature on this topic shows that discontinuation of antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment leads to a substantially increased risk of arterial or venous thromboembolic events and related complications, especially in patients with atrial fibrillation, prosthetic heart valves or recent coronary stenting. This risk is distinctly higher than the risk of significant local haemorrhage. Ophthalmic bleeding events reported in the literature are usually minor, without serious consequences, even if antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatments are continued, provided that the anticoagulation level is within the therapeutic range. Thus, the current data are in favour of maintaining antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs for most ophthalmic procedures, regardless of the anaesthetic techniques.
In recent years, small oral compounds that specifically block activated coagulation factor X (FXa) or thrombin (FIIa) have become alternatives to the anticoagulants that had been used for several ...decades. As of today, these direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) include dabigatran etexilate (thrombin inhibitor) and apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban (inhibitors of FXa). While there is no doubt that DOACs represent a major step forward in the management of patients with venous thromboembolic disease and atrial fibrillation, new challenges have arisen. They need to be addressed with the necessary pragmatism on the basis of evidence. Indeed, a better understanding of the management of these last-generation antithrombotics will favour safer use and increase confidence of the practitioner for the prescription of these drugs. The aim of this article is to present practical suggestions for the prescription and use of these drugs in everyday clinical practice, based on clinical experience and recently updated recommendations of the European Heart Rhythm Association and the American College of Chest Physicians among other scientific organisations. We address issues such as pharmacokinetics, dosing, side effects, limitations of use, drug interactions, switching from and to other anticoagulants, renal function, concomitant administration of antiplatelet agents and perioperative use. We also address the issue of monitoring and reversal, taking advantage of the most recent development in this latter area. Rather than being one additional set of recommendations, our narrative review aims at assisting the practicing physician in his or her daily handling of these novel anticoagulant compounds, based on frequently asked questions to the authors, a group of experienced specialists in the field who have, however, no commitment to issue guidelines.
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