Plant breeding and disease management practices have increased the grain yield of hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adapted to the Great Plains of the United States during the last century. ...However, the effect of genetic gains for seed yield and the application of fungicide on the micronutrient and cadmium (Cd) concentration in wheat grains is still unclear. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of fungicide application on the productivity and nutritional quality of wheat cultivars representing 80 years of plant breeding efforts. Field experiments were conducted over two crop years (2017 and 2018) with eighteen hard winter wheat genotypes released between 1933 and 2013 in the presence or absence of fungicide application. For each growing season, the treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with the fungicide levels (treated and untreated) as the whole plot treatments and the genotypes as split-plot treatments in triplicate. The effects on seed yield, grain protein concentration (GPC), micronutrients, phytic acid, and Cd in grains were measured. While the yield of wheat was found to increase at annualized rates of 26.5 and 13.0 kg ha-1 yr-1 in the presence and absence of fungicide (P < 0.001), respectively, GPC (-190 and -180 mg kg-1 yr-1, P < 0.001), Fe (-35.0 and -44.0 μg kg-1 yr-1, P < 0.05), and Zn (-68.0 and -57.0 μg kg-1 yr-1, P < 0.01) significantly decreased during the period studied. In contrast to the other mineral elements, grain Cd significantly increased over time (0.4 μg kg-1 yr-1, P < 0.01) in the absence of fungicide. The results from this study are of great concern, as many mineral elements essential for human nutrition have decreased over time while the toxic heavy metal, Cd, has increased, indicating modern wheats are becoming a better vector of dietary Cd.
Soybean cyst nematode (
Ichinohe) (SCN) is the most destructive pest affecting soybeans
(L.) Merr. in the U.S. To date, only two major SCN resistance alleles,
and
, identified in PI 88788 (
) and ...Peking (
), residing on chromosomes (Chr) 18 and 8, respectively, have been widely used to develop SCN resistant cultivars in the U.S. Thus, some SCN populations have evolved to overcome the PI 88788 and Peking derived resistance, making it a priority for breeders to identify new alleles and sources of SCN resistance. Toward that end, 461 soybean accessions from various origins were screened using a greenhouse SCN bioassay and genotyped with Illumina SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChips and three KASP SNP markers developed at the
and
loci to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and a haplotype analysis at the
and
loci. In total, 35,820 SNPs were used for GWAS, which identified 12 SNPs at four genomic regions on Chrs 7, 8, 10, and 18 that were significantly associated with SCN resistance (
< 0.001). Of those, three SNPs were located at
and
, and 24 predicted genes were found near the significant SNPs on Chrs 7 and 10. KASP SNP genotyping results of the 462 accessions at the
and
loci identified 30 that carried PI 88788-type resistance, 50 that carried Peking-type resistance, and 58 that carried neither the Peking-type nor the PI 88788-type resistance alleles, indicating they may possess novel SCN resistance alleles. By using two subsets of SNPs near the
and
loci obtained from SoySNP iSelect BeadChips, a haplotype analysis of 461 accessions grouped those 58 accessions differently from the accessions carrying Peking or PI 88788 derived resistance, thereby validating the genotyping results at
and
. The significant SNPs, candidate genes, and newly characterized SCN resistant accessions will be beneficial for the development of DNA markers to be used for marker-assisted breeding and developing soybean cultivars carrying novel sources of SCN resistance.
Hexaploid‐derived resistance genes exhibit complex inheritance and expression patterns in tetraploid backgrounds. This study aimed to characterize the inheritance patterns and genomic compatibilities ...of hexaploid‐derived Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance genes in tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Evaluation of FHB resistance for F1 hybrids of hexaploid ‘Sumai 3’ crossed with tetraploid and hexaploid wheats indicated that Sumai 3‐derived FHB resistance genes exhibit a dominant phenotypic effect seen only in hexaploid hybrids. Alternately, the hexaploid‐derived FHB resistance genes from PI 277012 exhibited complete dominance in the crosses with both tetraploid and hexaploid wheat. FHB evaluation of the F1 hybrids of Sumai 3 and PI 277012 crossed with ‘Langdon’ (LDN)–‘Chinese Spring’ D‐genome substitution lines suggested that chromosomes 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 3A, 4A, 6A, and 7A contain genes that suppress expression of the Sumai 3‐derived FHB resistance, whereas chromosomes 4A, 6A, and 6B contain genes required for expression of PI 277012‐derived FHB resistance. A wide range of segregation for FHB severity (10–90%) was observed in the F2 generation of Sumai 3 crossed with durum cultivars LDN and ‘Divide’, but the distribution of F3 families derived from the most resistant F2 segregants was skewed towards susceptibility. Similar segregation trends were observed in the crosses of PI 277012 with other durum wheats, whereby FHB resistance became slightly diluted over successive generations. These results suggest tetraploid durum wheat contains the unique alleles at multiple gene loci on different chromosomes that positively and/or negatively regulate the expression of hexaploid‐derived FHB resistance genes, which complicate efforts to deploy these genes in durum breeding programs.
Core Ideas
Durum contains genes that enhance or suppress hexaploid‐derived FHB resistance.
The hexaploid‐derived FHB resistance genes were inherited differently in durum.
Genomic compatibility for FHB resistance was assessed by D genome substitutions.
Sumai 3‐derived FHB resistance was suppressed by loci on nine durum chromosomes.
Three durum chromosomes contain loci needed for PI 277012‐derived FHB resistance.
This collaboration between the dance and learning technology departments at Bath Spa University, sought to develop a dance repertoire module with the use of mobile technologies, in order to enhance ...collaborative and discursive opportunities for students. The introduction of mobile technologies into a face-to-face teaching environment initiated a blended model of teaching and learning whereby the technology became a partner to the existing practice. The module was taught within the first year of the BA(Hons) Dance course, with 39 female and three male undergraduate students participating over a two-year period.
The purpose of the project was to apply specialist ICT knowledge to teaching spaces, in order to diversify established practices. In light of this purpose, the project design was driven by Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) whereby historically established working methods are brought to question through a new tool; the mobile application 'Coach's Eye'. Through the collection of tutor observations, student journals and post-project interviews, it was clear that Coach's Eye had facilitated a more democratic environment and greater range of activity. The extent to which the addition of technologically-supported learning improved student engagement and enhanced the learning would require further research utilising data designed for that purpose.
Key message
Four soybean storage protein subunit QTLs were mapped using bulked segregant analysis and an F
2
population, which were validated with an F
5
RIL population.
The storage protein globulins ...β-conglycinin (7S subunit) and glycinin (11S subunits) can affect the quantity and quality of proteins found in soybean seeds and account for more than 70% of the total soybean protein. Manipulating the storage protein subunits to enhance soymeal nutrition and for desirable tofu manufacturing characteristics are two end-use quality goals in soybean breeding programs. To aid in developing soybean cultivars with desired seed composition, an F
2
mapping population (
n
= 448) and an F
5
RIL population (
n
= 180) were developed by crossing high protein cultivar ‘Harovinton’ with the breeding line SQ97-0263_3-1a, which lacks the 7S α′, 11S A
1
, 11S A
2
, 11S A
3
and 11S A
4
subunits. The storage protein composition of each individual in the F
2
and F
5
populations were profiled using SDS-PAGE. Based on the presence/absence of the subunits, genomic DNA bulks were formed among the F
2
plants to identify genomic regions controlling the 7S α′ and 11S protein subunits. By utilizing polymorphic SNPs between the bulks characterized with Illumina SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChips at targeted genomic regions, KASP assays were designed and used to map QTLs causing the loss of the subunits. Soybean storage protein QTLs were identified on Chromosome 3 (11S A
1
), Chromosome 10 (7S α′ and 11S A
4
), and Chromosome 13 (11S A
3
), which were also validated in the F
5
RIL population. The results of this research could allow for the deployment of marker-assisted selection for desired storage protein subunits by screening breeding populations using the SNPs linked with the subunits of interest.
Core Ideas
Techniques included near‐isogenic lines, 90k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip, and genomic in situ hybridization.
Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping identified a 5DS–5BS ...translocation break point in durum wheat.
Genomic in situ hybridization corroborated the presence of a 5DS–5BS terminal translocation.
The durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) cultivar Soft Svevo with a soft kernel texture was developed through a Ph1b‐mediated homoeologous 5DS–5BS chromosomal translocation. The soft kernel trait (Hardness locus) derived from chromosome 5D of the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Chinese Spring. Soft Svevo was used as the donor parent to create near‐isogenic soft durum germplasm. The size of the translocation, its estimated breakpoint, and the amount of chromosome 5BS translocated, if any, remain unknown. Four near‐isogenic pairs of hard and soft kernel durum genotypes, in addition to Soft Svevo and the Chinese Spring deletion line 5DS‐2, which lacks a distal 22% terminal segment of chromosome 5DS, were genotyped using Illumina's 90k wheat single nucleotide polymorphism array. Single nucleotide polymorphism results were processed in GenomeStudio and 164 polymorphic markers were identified between the near‐isogenic lines (NILs). Subsequent BLASTn results for two subsets of markers corresponding to the distal ends of chromosomes 5DS and 5BS indicated that the translocation event was nearly reciprocal, as a ∼24.36‐Mbp segment of chromosome 5DS was gained, whereas a ∼20.01‐Mbp segment of chromosome 5BS was lost. Genomic in situ hybridization images of the soft durum NILs agreed with these estimates and confirmed the absence of additional terminal or interstitial translocations. Soft durum represents the potential of a new wheat market class and these findings will assist durum wheat breeders in the development of new soft durum germplasm.
Screening ultrasound may depict small, node-negative breast cancers not seen on mammography.
To compare the diagnostic yield, defined as the proportion of women with positive screen test results and ...positive reference standard, and performance of screening with ultrasound plus mammography vs mammography alone in women at elevated risk of breast cancer.
From April 2004 to February 2006, 2809 women, with at least heterogeneously dense breast tissue in at least 1 quadrant, were recruited from 21 sites to undergo mammographic and physician-performed ultrasonographic examinations in randomized order by a radiologist masked to the other examination results. Reference standard was defined as a combination of pathology and 12-month follow-up and was available for 2637 (96.8%) of the 2725 eligible participants.
Diagnostic yield, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy (assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) of combined mammography plus ultrasound vs mammography alone and the positive predictive value of biopsy recommendations for mammography plus ultrasound vs mammography alone.
Forty participants (41 breasts) were diagnosed with cancer: 8 suspicious on both ultrasound and mammography, 12 on ultrasound alone, 12 on mammography alone, and 8 participants (9 breasts) on neither. The diagnostic yield for mammography was 7.6 per 1000 women screened (20 of 2637) and increased to 11.8 per 1000 (31 of 2637) for combined mammography plus ultrasound; the supplemental yield was 4.2 per 1000 women screened (95% confidence interval CI, 1.1-7.2 per 1000; P = .003 that supplemental yield is 0). The diagnostic accuracy for mammography was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67-0.87) and increased to 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.96) for mammography plus ultrasound (P = .003 that difference is 0). Of 12 supplemental cancers detected by ultrasound alone, 11 (92%) were invasive with a median size of 10 mm (range, 5-40 mm; mean SE, 12.6 3.0 mm) and 8 of the 9 lesions (89%) reported had negative nodes. The positive predictive value of biopsy recommendation after full diagnostic workup was 19 of 84 for mammography (22.6%; 95% CI, 14.2%-33%), 21 of 235 for ultrasound (8.9%, 95% CI, 5.6%-13.3%), and 31 of 276 for combined mammography plus ultrasound (11.2%; 95% CI. 7.8%-15.6%).
Adding a single screening ultrasound to mammography will yield an additional 1.1 to 7.2 cancers per 1000 high-risk women, but it will also substantially increase the number of false positives.
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00072501.
Kernel texture (grain hardness) is a key trait that influences the milling and baking quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Herein, hard red spring wheat varieties Butte86 and ND2603, possessing ...the Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b alleles, respectively, were used as parents in the development of 132 recombinant inbred lines (RIL). The RIL population and its parents were phenotyped for single kernel characterization system (SKCS) and NIR kernel texture, grain protein content, test weight, SKCS weight, and SKCS diameter, and genotyped using next-generation genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology, SSR markers and allele-specific sequence tagged site markers. Linkage maps for the entire RIL population and for two subsets of RILs, grouped on the basis of the Puroindoline-D1 alleles, were developed using a total of 695 markers. Multiple QTL mapping identified 10 QTLs for SKCS and NIR kernel texture with significant loci on 1AS, 1BS, 1BL, 5AL, 5BL, 6BL and 7BS. Of these, the 1BS QTL was associated with the Glu-B3 amplicon 691, and one of the 1BL QTL with Glu-B1. All QTL conferred an additive effect of ∼3–8 hardness units, a difference in kernel texture similar to or greater than the difference between the Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b hardness mutations.
•QTL analyses were conducted for hard red spring wheat RILs with different Puroindoline alleles.•A major QTL for kernel texture (hardness) was detected at the LMW Glu-B3 locus.•The Glu-B3 allele increased kernel hardness by ∼3–8 SKCS and NIR hardness units.
Noninvasive glucose monitoring: a novel approach Harman-Boehm, Ilana; Gal, Avner; Raykhman, Alexander M ...
Journal of diabetes science and technology,
03/2009, Letnik:
3, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The main concern in noninvasive (NI) glucose measurement is achieving high accuracy readings, although no blood (or other fluid) is involved in the process. Using methods based on different physical ...properties of a measured object can ensure the independence of each of the readings and therefore improve the validity of the end result. By using a combination of (three) independent technologies-ultrasonic, electromagnetic, and thermal-GlucoTrack presents a unique approach for a real-time, truly NI blood glucose spot measurement.
Clinical trials were performed in two stages. Stage 1 was an initial method validation and performance verification of the device. In this stage, 50 type 1 and 2 diabetic patients, as well as healthy subjects, were evaluated with GlucoTrack against Ascensia Elite (Bayer). In the second stage, 85 additional diabetic subjects were evaluated in half and full daytime sessions using a GlucoTrack comparison with HemoCue (Glucose 201+).
A total of 135 subjects were tested during the trial period, producing 793 data pairs. Using Clarke error grid analysis, 92% of the readings fell in the clinically acceptable zones A and B, with 50% in the A zone. Mean and median relative absolute differences were 29.9 and 19.9%, respectively.
Integrating several modalities for NI assessment of glucose level enables more accurate readings, while a possible aberration in one modality is bypassed by the others. The present generation of GlucoTrack gives promising results; however, further improvement of the accuracy of the device is needed.
PDF
