We use record dynamics (RD), a coarse-grained description of the ubiquitous relaxation phenomenology known as "aging," as a diagnostic tool to find universal features that distinguish between the ...energy landscapes of Ising spin models and the ferromagnet. According to RD, a nonequilibrium system after a quench relies on fluctuations that randomly generate a sequence of irreversible record-sized events (quakes or avalanches) that allow the system to escape ever-higher barriers of metastable states within a complex, hierarchical energy landscape. Once these record events allow the system to overcome such barriers, the system relaxes by tumbling into the following metastable state that is marginally more stable. Within this framework, a clear distinction can be drawn between the coarsening dynamics of an Ising ferromagnet and the aging of the spin glass, which are often put in the same category. To that end, we interpolate between the spin glass and ferromagnet by varying the admixture p of ferromagnetic over antiferromagnetic bonds from the glassy state (at 50% each) to wherever clear ferromagnetic behavior emerges. The accumulation of record events grows logarithmically with time in the glassy regime, with a sharp transition at a specific admixture into the ferromagnetic regime where such activations saturate quickly. We show this effect for both the Edwards-Anderson model on a cubic lattice as well as the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (mean-field) spin glass. While this transition coincides with a previously observed zero-temperature equilibrium transition in the former, that transition has not yet been described for the latter.
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is associated with age and an increased risk of myeloid malignancies, cardiovascular risk, and all-cause mortality. We tested for CH in a setting where hematopoietic stem ...cells (HSCs) of the same individual are exposed to different degrees of proliferative stress and environments, ie, in long-term survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and their respective related donors (n = 42 donor-recipient pairs). With a median follow-up time since allo-HSCT of 16 years (range, 10-32 years), we found a total of 35 mutations in 23 out of 84 (27.4%) study participants. Ten out of 42 donors (23.8%) and 13 out of 42 recipients (31%) had CH. CH was associated with older donor and recipient age. We identified 5 cases of donor-engrafted CH, with 1 case progressing into myelodysplastic syndrome in both donor and recipient. Four out of 5 cases showed increased clone size in recipients compared with donors. We further characterized the hematopoietic system in individuals with CH as follows: (1) CH was consistently present in myeloid cells but varied in penetrance in B and T cells; (2) colony-forming units (CFUs) revealed clonal evolution or multiple independent clones in individuals with multiple CH mutations; and (3) telomere shortening determined in granulocytes suggested ∼20 years of added proliferative history of HSCs in recipients compared with their donors, with telomere length in CH vs non-CH CFUs showing varying patterns. This study provides insight into the long-term behavior of the same human HSCs and respective CH development under different proliferative conditions.
•CH, including donor-engrafted CH, is highly prevalent among donors and recipients long-term after allo-HSCT.•CH clones variably expand at different levels of the hematopoietic hierarchy and can clonally evolve into subclones.
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Transdiagnostic treatments span a heterogeneous group of interventions that target a wider range of disorders and can be applied to treat several disorders simultaneously. Several meta-analyses have ...highlighted the evidence base of these novel therapies. However, these meta-analyses adopt different definitions of transdiagnostic treatments, and the growing field of transdiagnostic therapies has become increasingly difficult to grasp. The current narrative review proposes a distinction of “one size fits all” unified and “my size fits me” individualized approaches within transdiagnostic therapies. Unified treatments are applied as “broadband” interventions to a range of disorders without tailoring to the individual, while individualized treatments are tailored to the specific problem presentation of the individual, e.g., by selecting modules within modular treatments. The underlying theoretical foundation and relevant empirical evidence for these different transdiagnostic approaches are examined. Advantages and limitations of the transdiagnostic treatments as well as future developments are discussed.
In this first mass-related survey of microplastics (MPs, <1 mm) in the German Bight (North Sea, 2.5 m water depth), spatial load, temporal variations, and potential sources were examined. Relevant ...plastic types were detected using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/thermochemolysis (Py-GC/MS). This suitable method provides qualitative and trace-level polymer or polymer cluster-specific mass quantitative MP data. Neither MP concentration (2–1396 μg m–3) nor type distribution was homogeneous. Concentrations appeared to be substantially influenced by meteorological and oceanographic conditions. The coastal MP-type composition showed an overprint indicating a packaging waste-related signal. Considerably different compositions were observed in central and estuarine areas. Here, a close relation to marine (antifouling) coating particles, i.e., abrased chlorinated rubber-, acryl-styrene-, and epoxide binder-containing particles are hypothesized as the main MP source, indicating ship “skid marks”. They represent a dominant, toxicologically relevant but underestimated marine-based MP share, inverting the widely cited 80% terrestrial- to 20% marine-based debris ratio for MPs. In consequence of the findings, polymer clusters attributed to the basic polymers polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate), and polycarbonate are proposed for Py-GC/MS MPs mass determination based on specific thermal decomposition products linked to related polymer structural units.
To evaluate the effect of subcutaneous (s.c.) secukinumab, an interleukin-17A inhibitor, on clinical signs and symptoms and radiographic progression in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).
Adults ...(n=996) with active PsA were randomised 2:2:2:3 to s.c. secukinumab 300 mg or 150 mg with loading dose (LD), 150 mg without LD or placebo. All groups received secukinumab or placebo at baseline, weeks 1, 2 and 3 and then every 4 weeks from week 4. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving an American College of Rheumatology 20 (ACR20) response at week 16.
Significantly more patients achieved an ACR20 response at week 16 with secukinumab 300 mg with LD (62.6%), 150 mg with LD (55.5%) or 150 mg without LD (59.5%) than placebo (27.4%) (p<0.0001 for all; non-responder imputation). Radiographic progression, as measured by van der Heijde-modified total Sharp score, was significantly inhibited at week 24 in all secukinumab arms versus placebo (p
0.01 for 300 mg with LD and 150 mg without LD and p<0.05 for 150 mg with LD; linear extrapolation). Adverse event rates at week 24 were similar across treatment arms: 63.1% (300 mg with LD), 62.7% (150 mg with LD), 61.1% (150 mg without LD) and 62.0% (placebo). No deaths or new safety signals were reported.
S.c. secukinumab 300 mg and 150 mg with and without LD significantly improved clinical signs and symptoms and inhibited radiographic structural progression versus placebo at week 24 in patients with PsA.
NCT02404350; Results.
The Ising model with ferromagnetic couplings on the Hanoi networks is analyzed with an exact renormalization group. In particular, the fixed points are determined and the renormalization- flow for ...certain initial conditions is analyzed. Hanoi networks combine a one-dimensional lattice structure with a hierarchy of long-range bonds to create a mix of geometric and small-world properties. Generically, those small-world bonds result in nonuniversal behavior, i.e., fixed points and scaling exponents that depend on temperature and the initial choice of coupling strengths. It is shown that a diversity of different behaviors can be observed with seemingly small changes in the structure of the networks. Defining interpolating families of such networks, we find tunable transitions between regimes with power-law and certain essential singularities in the critical scaling of the correlation length. These are similar to the so-called inverted Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition previously observed only in scale-free or dense networks.
The electrified aqueous/metal interface is critical in controlling the performance of energy conversion and storage devices, but an atomistic understanding of even basic interfacial electrochemical ...reactions challenges both experiment and computation. We report a combined simulation and experimental study of (reversible) ion-transfer reactions involved in anodic Ag corrosion/deposition, a model system for interfacial electrochemical processes generating or consuming ions. With the explicit modeling of the electrode potential and a hybrid implicit-explicit solvation model, the density functional theory calculations produce free energy curves predicting thermodynamics, kinetics, partial charge profiles, and reaction trajectories. The calculated (equilibrium) free energy barriers (0.2 eV), and their asymmetries, agree with experimental activation energies (0.4 eV) and transfer coefficients, which were extracted from temperature-dependent voltage-step experiments on Au-supported, Ag-nanocluster substrates. The use of Ag nanoclusters eliminates the convolution of the kinetics of Ag
+
(aq.)
generation and transfer with those of nucleation or etch-pit formation. The results indicate that the barrier is controlled by the bias-dependent competition between partial solvation of the incipient ion, metal-metal bonding, and electrostatic stabilization by image charge, with the latter two factors weakened by stronger positive biases. We also report simulations of the bias-dependence of defect generation relevant to nucleating corrosion by removing an atom from a perfect Ag(100) surface, which is predicted to occur
via
a vacancy-adatom intermediate. Together, these experiments and calculations provide the first validated, accurate, molecular model of the central steps that govern the rates of important dissolution/deposition reactions broadly relevant across the energy sciences.
Density functional theory simulations and potential-step experiments reveal the atomic charge interactions that govern the ion-transfer kinetics at the electrified solution/Ag interface, providing new insights for energy technology applications.
Using particle-in-cell simulations, we study the kinetic physics of relativistic shear flow in collisionless electron-positron (e + e-) plasmas. We find efficient magnetic field generation and ...particle energization at the shear boundary, driven by streaming instabilities across the shear interface and sustained by the shear flow. Nonthermal, anisotropic high-energy particles are accelerated across field lines to produce a power-law tail turning over just below the shear Lorentz factor. These results have important implications for the dissipation and radiation of jets in blazars and gamma-ray bursts.
Isothermal simulational data for the three-dimensional Edwards-Anderson (E-A) spin glass are collected at several temperatures below Tc and, in analogy with a recent model of dense colloidal ...suspensions, interpreted in terms of clusters of contiguous spins overturned by quakes, i.e., nonequilibrium events linked to record-size energy fluctuations. We show numerically that to a good approximation, these quakes are statistically independent and constitute a Poisson process whose average grows logarithmically in time. The overturned clusters are local projections on one of the two ground states of the model, and grow likewise logarithmically in time. Data collected at different temperatures T can be collapsed by scaling them with T−1.75, which we relate, on the one hand, to the geometry of configuration space and, on the other, to experimental memory and rejuvenation effects. The rate at which a cluster flips is shown to decrease exponentially with the size of the cluster, as recently assumed in a coarse-grained model of dense colloidal dynamics. The evolving structure of clusters in real space is finally associated to the decay of the thermo-remanent magnetization. Our analysis provides an unconventional coarse-grained description of spin-glass aging as statistically subordinated to a Poisson quaking process and highlights record dynamics as a viable common theoretical framework for aging in different systems.
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